Globalization of Production and the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Prospects

This final section reviews the requirements for increasing the competitiveness prospects of Asia-Pacific SMEs within the context of the challenges of the globalization of production, and seeks to provide some specific recommendations on how SME development in the region could be taken in new and potentially fruitful directions. These recommendations seek to address the core question running through this research paper, namely: what can usefully be done to increase the competitive performance of Asia-Pacific SMEs?SMEs, competitiveness, Asia, Pacific, policy, recommendations

Globalization of Production and the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Prospects

The focus of this section is on the trends and prospects for the competitiveness of the region's SMEs, based on a review of the literature (as distinct from original research). In this context, the key dynamic shaping the prospects of Asia- Pacific SMEs relates to the globalization of production. This is changing the competitive environment for the region's SMEs in both international markets and at home. Therefore, at the core of the story is the need to understand the nature of globalization and its implications for the competitive performance of Asia-Pacific SMEs. From this perspective, small traditional firms serving only small local markets are not primary interest here, except insofar as they may evolve, or may be forced to evolve, into competitive enterprises in the above context.SMEs, Globalization, competitiveness, Asia, Pacific, trends

Globalization of Production and the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Prospects

Asia and the Pacific is a region of contrasts. The Region as a whole has achieved unprecedented growth and development in recent decades. The general picture, however, hides a great diversity of economies, development experiences, and challenges. Asia is increasingly playing the role of a global growth pole, and is fast emerging as a manufacturing and information technology hub of the world economy. Yet the World Bank estimates that more than 900 million people still live in extreme poverty, now defined as less than $1.25 a day. Asia is the home of China and India-giants that are reshaping international business and the global economy through, among other things, the operations of internationally competitive enterprises such as Lenovo (China) and Infosys (India); but such giants also coexist with a large number of traditional, local micro-and small enterprises. In addition, China and India share this vast continent with Bhutan, Nepal and the Lao People's Democratic Republic, all considered least developed countries, and the region includes the small island nations of the Pacific, whose prospects for development also remain far more limited.SMEs, Globalization, competitiveness, Asia, Pacific

Achieving a sustainable automotive sector in Asia and the Pacific: Challenges and opportunities for the reduction of vehicle CO2 emissions

This working paper analyses the contribution of the Asia-Pacific automotive sector to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the challenges and opportunities facing the sector in efforts to reduce those emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). The main purpose of this paper is to identify recommendations for appropriate policies and strategies as well as for regional cooperation, to ensure that future developments in the automotive sector contribute to mitigating and adapting to climate change.climate change, vehicle carbon emission, automotive sector development, economic development

Global network structure of dominance hierarchy of ant workers

Dominance hierarchy among animals is widespread in various species and believed to serve to regulate resource allocation within an animal group. Unlike small groups, however, detection and quantification of linear hierarchy in large groups of animals are a difficult task. Here, we analyse aggression-based dominance hierarchies formed by worker ants in Diacamma sp. as large directed networks. We show that the observed dominance networks are perfect or approximate directed acyclic graphs, which are consistent with perfect linear hierarchy. The observed networks are also sparse and random but significantly different from networks generated through thinning of the perfect linear tournament (i.e., all individuals are linearly ranked and dominance relationship exists between every pair of individuals). These results pertain to global structure of the networks, which contrasts with the previous studies inspecting frequencies of different types of triads. In addition, the distribution of the out-degree (i.e., number of workers that the focal worker attacks), not in-degree (i.e., number of workers that attack the focal worker), of each observed network is right-skewed. Those having excessively large out-degrees are located near the top, but not the top, of the hierarchy. We also discuss evolutionary implications of the discovered properties of dominance networks.Comment: 5 figures, 2 tables, 4 supplementary figures, 2 supplementary table

Students with dyslexia: research projects at Northumbria University

Northumbria University has about 700 registered disabled students, the majority of whom (around 58 per cent) are registered as having dyslexia and account for approximately two per cent of the total student population. Therefore dyslexic students represent the largest single group of disabled students and are those with whom most staff are likely to come into contact. The research authors were keen to ascertain whether there was a difference in academic performance between dyslexic and non-dyslexic students in respect of degree classification and assignment marks and to investigate whether dyslexic students generally felt supported in their academic studies. Research involved both qualitative and quantitative strands and the areas explored include pre expectations; general support throughout study; methods, flexibility and clarity of learning tasks, in particular assessment and levels of performance throughout and at the end of their study. This research is ongoing, however, findings have proved invaluable as a basis in the construction of good practice guidelines in dealing with the pedagogic needs of this diverse student grou

Amplitude of circadian rhythms becomes weaken in the north, but there is no cline in the period of rhythm in a beetle

Many species show rhythmicity in activity, from the timing of flowering in plants to that of foraging behavior in animals. The free-running periods and amplitude (sometimes called strength or power) of circadian rhythms are often used as indicators of biological clocks. Many reports have shown that these traits are highly geographically variable, and interestingly, they often show latitudinal or longitudinal clines. In many cases, the higher the latitude is, the longer the free-running circadian period (i.e., period of rhythm) in insects and plants. However, reports of positive correlations between latitude or longitude and circadian rhythm traits, including free-running periods, the power of the rhythm and locomotor activity, are limited to certain taxonomic groups. Therefore, we collected a cosmopolitan stored-product pest species, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, in various parts of Japan and examined its rhythm traits, including the power and period of the rhythm, which were calculated from locomotor activity. The analysis revealed that the power was significantly lower for beetles collected in northern areas than southern areas in Japan. However, it is worth noting that the period of circadian rhythm did not show any clines; specifically, it did not vary among the sampling sites, despite the very large sample size (n = 1585). We discuss why these cline trends were observed in T. castaneum

Brain correlates of task-load and dementia elucidation with tensor machine learning using oddball BCI paradigm

Dementia in the elderly has recently become the most usual cause of cognitive decline. The proliferation of dementia cases in aging societies creates a remarkable economic as well as medical problems in many communities worldwide. A recently published report by The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 47 million people are suffering from dementia-related neurocognitive declines worldwide. The number of dementia cases is predicted by 2050 to triple, which requires the creation of an AI-based technology application to support interventions with early screening for subsequent mental wellbeing checking as well as preservation with digital-pharma (the so-called beyond a pill) therapeutical approaches. We present an attempt and exploratory results of brain signal (EEG) classification to establish digital biomarkers for dementia stage elucidation. We discuss a comparison of various machine learning approaches for automatic event-related potentials (ERPs) classification of a high and low task-load sound stimulus recognition. These ERPs are similar to those in dementia. The proposed winning method using tensor-based machine learning in a deep fully connected neural network setting is a step forward to develop AI-based approaches for a subsequent application for subjective- and mild-cognitive impairment (SCI and MCI) diagnostics.Comment: In ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 8578-8582, May 201