POLLUTION EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE CAKIT STREAM, ULUKISLA (NIGDE), TURKEY

16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference (SGEM 2016) -- JUN 30-JUL 06, 2016 -- Albena, BULGARIAWOS: 000393240700062The aim of this study is to investigate the sediments in Cakit Stream and headwaters, which originate Bolkar Mountains and flow through Central Tauride belt to Mediterranean Sea. Samples were characterized by multivariate statistical analysis to determine the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals as well as their potential risks of pollution. Results showed that the average concentrations of some heavy metals comply with the concentration ranges recommended by the National Standard of Turkey, while the maximum concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ag, Sb and As exceeded these standards. Results from multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co originated from natural geological background, while Pb, Zn, Ag, As and Cd in the sediments created from anthropogenic in origin. On the other hand, enrichment factor analysis and the geo-accumulation index evaluation showed that Pb, Zn, As and Pb were existing in the sediments of the river at low or restricted serious pollution, while Cr, Ni, Cu and Co occurred at low pollution levels.Bulgarian Acad Sci, Acad Sci Czech Republ, Latvian Acad Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Russian Acad Sci, Serbian Acad Sci & Arts, Slovak Acad Sci, Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Water Problem & Hydropower NAS KR, Natl Acad Sci Armenia, Sci Council Japan, World Acad Sci, European Acad Sci Arts & Lett, Acad Sci Moldova, Montenegrin Acad Sci & Arts, Croatian Acad Sci & Arts, Georgian Natl Acad Sci, Acad Fine Arts & Design Bratislava, Turkish Acad Sci, Bulgarian Ind Assoc, Bulgarian Minist Environm & Wate

MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE KIZILTEPE (CAMARDI-NIGDE) MN PROSPECT IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY

16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference (SGEM 2016) -- JUN 30-JUL 06, 2016 -- Albena, BULGARIAWOS: 000393240700053This paper is to investigate ore-alteration mineralogy and geochemical changes of wall rocks in Kiziltepe Mn mineralization (Camardi, SE-Nigde), which is located in Ulukisla Basin from the central part of the Turkey. Kiziltepe prospect, a fault controlled hydrothermal-type Mn mineralization, is hosted predominantly by Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic and volcanoclastic rock series, which are submarine in character with trachytic to rhyolitic composition. After all samples were systematically collected from surface outcrops and the mineralized zones, they were investigated by petrographical and geochemical analysis. The results obtained from the microscopic and XRD analysis showed that the mineralization contained oxi-hydroxide Mn minerals such as manganite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, and manganese phosphate. Quartz, carbonates, sericite, clay minerals and barite are the gangue minerals. Quartz is ubiquitous and occurs both in the ore zone and in the wall rocks. Alteration mineralogy usually was formed fault-related to alteration zones. Alterations were characterized by presence of quartz and sericite, and locally extensively overprinted by kaolinite. Mass change calculations revealed that Al, Ti, and Y behaved as the least mobile elements during alteration and that footwall felsic rocks gained Fe, Si, K, Ca and ore forming constituents, respectively. The most characteristic chemical changes near the ore bodies were the Na depletion, mainly due to plagioclase destruction by the hydrothermal fluids. The BEE contents varied considerably depending on mass change effects related to alteration. An average grade of Mn in the fault zone has been reached about 22.47 %.Bulgarian Acad Sci, Acad Sci Czech Republ, Latvian Acad Sci, Polish Acad Sci, Russian Acad Sci, Serbian Acad Sci & Arts, Slovak Acad Sci, Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Water Problem & Hydropower NAS KR, Natl Acad Sci Armenia, Sci Council Japan, World Acad Sci, European Acad Sci Arts & Lett, Acad Sci Moldova, Montenegrin Acad Sci & Arts, Croatian Acad Sci & Arts, Georgian Natl Acad Sci, Acad Fine Arts & Design Bratislava, Turkish Acad Sci, Bulgarian Ind Assoc, Bulgarian Minist Environm & WaterScientific Research Project Units of the Nigde University [FEB 2006/04]This study was partly funded by Scientific Research Project Units of the Nigde University under the Project number of FEB 2006/04

GEOCELEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOSTROCKS OF THE KANKOY VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE (VMS) DEPOSIT (TRABZON, NE-TURKEY)

13th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, SGEM 2013 -- JUN 16-22, 2013 -- Albena, BULGARIAWOS: 000349063400009This paper is to investigate alterations of wall rocks in Kankoy deposit. Kankoy deposit which is a Cu-Zn-Pb type volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, situated in the western central part of the eastern Pontide tectonic belt. The deposit is hosted predominantly by tuff, tuff-breccia, and flow-banded breccia of dacite which are all late cretaceous in age. Samples were systematically collected from surface outcrops, drill cores and the mineralized zones (accessed through underground workings) and were studied through petrographical and geochemical analyses. The results showed that the footwall rocks were variably altered. Alteration mineralogy is usually consisted of three distinctive zones. The inner zone was characterized by presence of quartz and sericite, extensively overprinted by kaolinite in places. This zone was graded outward into a sericite-chlorite and further into chlorite-montmorillonite zones. Mass-change calculations revealed that Al, Zr, Ti, and Y behaved as the immobile elements during the alteration and in that felsic footwall rocks gained Fe, Si, Mg, K and ore forming constituents, respectively. The most characteristic chemical changes near the ore bodies occurred in Na and Ca contents. They both showed strong depletion, mainly due to plagioclase destruction by the hydrothermal fluids. Chlorite alteration was manifested by the replacement of feldspars and a decrease in sericite abundance related to a net addition of Fe and Mg to the system. The REE contents also varied considerably depending on mass-change effects related to alteration. On the contrary to the footwall rocks, mass-changes associated with the hanging wall rocks of the region were generally much smaller

Ore Mineral Textures of Late Cretaceous Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits of Turkey: Proposed Paragenetic Sequence

11th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) -- JUL 05-10, 2013 -- SW Univ Sci & Technol, Mianyang, PEOPLES R CHINAWOS: 000380768800011Most of the massive sulfide deposits (VMS) occurring from Precambrian to Cenozoic throughout the world have been subsequently metamorphosed at various grades. Thus, all the original textures have been either completely destroyed or strongly modified. However, there are a very few examples, rather younger deposits such as late Cretaceous Turkish VMS deposits and Miocene Kuroko deposits of Japan in which representative and original ore textures are preserved. The Turkish massive sulfide deposits are mainly Cu-Zn-Pb type and entirely hosted by Late Cretaceous felsic volcanic rocks within a paleoarc geotectonic setting. Major ore minerals are base metal sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, sphalerite, and galena) and sulfosalts along with quartz, barite, and calcite gangue. In general, dissemination and veinlet textures are extremely abundant in the stockwork and siliceous ore zones that mainly form the base of the massive ore bodies and around the vent through which the ore-forming fluids traversed. In the massive ore, particularly in the central zone of the lenses, fine-grained massive sulfide minerals show a wide variety of replacement and colloform textures. In the lateral zones, clastic or fragmental ore textures may be present if the deposit has undergone a slumping. In the case of cone-shaped deposits, the brecciated ore textures tend to be dominant in the central part of the lens. Most of the minerals are very fine grained, and the larger grains of the major minerals are in the order of 100-300 mu m in size, but most of the minor and trace minerals are much smaller, typically in the order of 1-20 mu m in across. Most of the minerals are anhedral with the exception of pyrite, quartz, and barite that commonly occur as euhedral to subhedral crystals. Four major mineralization stages have been determined at the regional scale. First-stage minerals are two generations of pyrite and chalcopyrite followed by the second-stage minerals including sphalerite, galena, and sulfosalts (mainly tennantite and subordinate tetrahedrite). In the third stage, second generation of chalcopyrite occurs replacing all the earlier phases. This stage is absent in black ore dominating deposits. Bornite prevails in the last stage (aka supergene enrichment) along with chalcocite and covellite, which replaces all the other phases including gangue minerals

ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND REHABILITATION IN ILGIN LIGNITE MINES LAKES

Maden yataklarının aranması, üretimi ve zenginleştirilmesi süreçlerinde uygulanan işlemler; hava, toprak, su kaynaklarını, dolayısıyla çevreyi ve çevrede yaşayan canlıları etkilemektedir. Genel olarak kömür açık işletme madenciliğinin çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri, yeraltı madenciliği ve cevher hazırlama çalışmalarına oranla çok daha fazladır. Kömür açık işletmeleri sonrası oluşan üretim çukurlarının dekapaj malzemesiyle doldurulmaması halinde, yüzey suları ve yeraltı su seviyesinin yükselmesi ile küçük veya büyük göletler oluşmaktadır. Düşük pH değeri (asidik karakteristik) ve yüksek metal konsantrasyonu (Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb) içeren bu göletlerde, baskın halde bulunabilen sülfürlü mineraller ve atık malzemeler en önemli çevresel sorunlardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, TKİ–GLİ Ilgın linyit işletmeleri 5 farklı gölette su karakterizasyonu izlemeleri yapılarak; ortalama pH 6,49-7,81, bulanıklık (NTU) 0,12-63,6, sülfat içeriği 0,05-2,67 mg SO4/L, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı 4-136 mg O2/L, elektriksel iletkenlik 285 µS/cm-4,68 mS/cm değerleri ve 1839 ppb Mn, 9777 ppb Fe ile en yüksek ağır metal içerikleri tespit edilmiştir. Saha örneklerine ilişkin analizler üç aylık periyotlarla takip edilmiştir. Belirlenen sonuçlar ilgili yasal yönetmelikler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.The processes during the search, production and enrichment of mining operations naturally affects the air, soil, water resources in turn the natural environment and living organisms. In general, the environmental impact of coal opencast mining operations is much more significant than that of underground mining and mineral processing. After stripping of the material filling the holes in coal opencast production, with the rise of surface water and ground water level is composed of large or small ponds. Low pH (acidic characteristic) and high metal concentrations (Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb) of these ponds, containing sulfide minerals and the waste materials, for the sustainability of natural resources is one of the biggest environmental problems. In this study, highest heavy metal contents 1839 ppb Mn and 9777 ppb Fe, the average pH values 6.49-7.81, turbidity (NTU) 0.12-63.6, sulphate content 0.05-2.67 mg SO4/L, chemical oxygen demand 4-136 mg O2/L and electrical conductivity 285 µS/cm-4.68 mS/cm have been measured during the monitoring study of five different lignite opencast mine post-production lakes of the TKI–GLI Ilgın. Analyses were performed in three-month periods. The results were evaluated within the framework of relevant laws and regulations

Quaternary bimodal volcanism in the Nigde Volcanic Complex (Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey): age, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications

WOS: 000344628100007The late Neogene to Quaternary Cappadocian Volcanic Province (CVP) in central Anatolia is one of the most impressive volcanic fields of Turkey because of its extent and spectacular erosionally sculptured landscape. The late Neogene evolution of the CVP started with the eruption of extensive andesitic-dacitic lavas and ignimbrites with minor basaltic lavas. This stage was followed by Quaternary bimodal volcanism. Here, we present geochemical, isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb and delta O-18 isotopes) and geochronological (U-Pb zircon and Ar-Ar amphibole and whole-rock ages) data for bimodal volcanic rocks of the Ni g de Volcanic Complex (NVC) in the western part of the CVP to determine mantle melting dynamics and magmatic processes within the overlying continental crust during the Quaternary. Geochronological data suggest that the bimodal volcanic activity in the study area occurred between ca. 1.1 and ca. 0.2 Ma (Pleistocene) and comprises (1) mafic lavas consisting of basalts, trachybasalts, basaltic andesites and scoria lapilli fallout deposits with mainly basaltic composition, (2) felsic lavas consisting of mostly rhyolites and pumice lapilli fall-out and surge deposits with dacitic to rhyolitic composition. The most mafic sample is basalt from a monogenetic cone, which is characterized by Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7038, Nd-143/Nd-144 = 0.5128, Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.80, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.60 and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.68, suggesting a moderately depleted signature of the mantle source. Felsic volcanic rocks define a narrow range of Nd-143/Nd-144 isotope ratios (0.5126-0.5128) and are homogeneous in Pb isotope composition (Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.84-18.87, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.64-15.67 and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.93-38.99). Sr-87/Sr-86 isotopic compositions of mafic (0.7038-0.7053) and felsic (0.7040-0.7052) samples are similar, reflecting a common mantle source. The felsic rocks have relatively low zircon delta O-18 values (5.6 +/- 0.6 %) overlapping mantle values (5.3 +/- 0.3 %), consistent with an origin by fractional crystallization from a mafic melt with very minor continental crustal contamination. The geochronological and geochemical data suggest that mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the NVC are genetically closely related to each other. Mafic rocks show a positive trend between Sr-87/Sr-86 and Th, suggesting simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallization, whereas the felsic rocks are characterized by a flat or slightly negative variation. High Sr-87/Sr-86 gneisses are a potential crustal contaminant of the mafic magmas, but the comparatively low and invariant Sr-87/Sr-86 in the felsic volcanics suggests that these evolved dominantly by fractional crystallization. Mantle-derived basaltic melts, which experienced low degree of crustal assimilation, are proposed to be the parent melt of the felsic volcanics. Geochronological and geochemical results combined with regional geological and geophysical data suggest that bimodal volcanism of the NVC and the CVP, in general, developed in a post-collisional extensional tectonic regime that is caused by ascending asthenosphere, which played a key role during magma genesis.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [108Y003]; German Science Foundation [Si 718/9-1]; Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science FoundationThis work was partly supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Grant 108Y003) and the German Science Foundation (Grant Si 718/9-1). The ion microprobe facility at the University of California, Los Angeles, is partly supported by a grant from the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation. The authors are grateful to John Huard for help during Ar-Ar dating and the Nigde University for contributions during the sample preparation processes. The authors sincerely thank Jochen Hoefs for editorial handling and to Oliver Bachman and one anonymous referee for their valuable suggestions, which greatly improved the manuscript

Quaternary bimodal volcanism in the Nigde Volcanic Complex (Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey): age, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications

The late Neogene to Quaternary Cappadocian Volcanic Province (CVP) in central Anatolia is one of the most impressive volcanic fields of Turkey because of its extent and spectacular erosionally sculptured landscape. The late Neogene evolution of the CVP started with the eruption of extensive andesitic-dacitic lavas and ignimbrites with minor basaltic lavas. This stage was followed by Quaternary bimodal volcanism. Here, we present geochemical, isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb and delta O-18 isotopes) and geochronological (U-Pb zircon and Ar-Ar amphibole and whole-rock ages) data for bimodal volcanic rocks of the Ni g de Volcanic Complex (NVC) in the western part of the CVP to determine mantle melting dynamics and magmatic processes within the overlying continental crust during the Quaternary. Geochronological data suggest that the bimodal volcanic activity in the study area occurred between ca. 1.1 and ca. 0.2 Ma (Pleistocene) and comprises (1) mafic lavas consisting of basalts, trachybasalts, basaltic andesites and scoria lapilli fallout deposits with mainly basaltic composition, (2) felsic lavas consisting of mostly rhyolites and pumice lapilli fall-out and surge deposits with dacitic to rhyolitic composition. The most mafic sample is basalt from a monogenetic cone, which is characterized by Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7038, Nd-143/Nd-144 = 0.5128, Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.80, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.60 and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.68, suggesting a moderately depleted signature of the mantle source. Felsic volcanic rocks define a narrow range of Nd-143/Nd-144 isotope ratios (0.5126-0.5128) and are homogeneous in Pb isotope composition (Pb-206/Pb-204 = 18.84-18.87, Pb-207/Pb-204 = 15.64-15.67 and Pb-208/Pb-204 = 38.93-38.99). Sr-87/Sr-86 isotopic compositions of mafic (0.7038-0.7053) and felsic (0.7040-0.7052) samples are similar, reflecting a common mantle source. The felsic rocks have relatively low zircon delta O-18 values (5.6 +/- 0.6 %) overlapping mantle values (5.3 +/- 0.3 %), consistent with an origin by fractional crystallization from a mafic melt with very minor continental crustal contamination. The geochronological and geochemical data suggest that mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the NVC are genetically closely related to each other. Mafic rocks show a positive trend between Sr-87/Sr-86 and Th, suggesting simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallization, whereas the felsic rocks are characterized by a flat or slightly negative variation. High Sr-87/Sr-86 gneisses are a potential crustal contaminant of the mafic magmas, but the comparatively low and invariant Sr-87/Sr-86 in the felsic volcanics suggests that these evolved dominantly by fractional crystallization. Mantle-derived basaltic melts, which experienced low degree of crustal assimilation, are proposed to be the parent melt of the felsic volcanics. Geochronological and geochemical results combined with regional geological and geophysical data suggest that bimodal volcanism of the NVC and the CVP, in general, developed in a post-collisional extensional tectonic regime that is caused by ascending asthenosphere, which played a key role during magma genesis