SNP mapping and phylogenetic analysis of Saudi Arabian horse breeds based on mitochondrial genome sequencing

225-230Arabian horse breeds (Equus caballus L.) are renowned for elegance, endurance and their contribution to Thoroughbreds. In heredity, the mitochondrial (mt) genome is maternally inherited and represents extensive genetic diversity. The mt genomes of Seglawi and Hadban horse breeds of Saudi Arabia were sequenced to decipher the genetic variations in the coding and non-coding regions. We observed that the coding region of mt genome has 11 and 34 amino acid variations in Seglawi and Hadban breeds, respectively. Sequencing analyses of COX1 gene indicated highest variations of which, 5 in Seglawi and 8 in Hadban followed by the NADH5 gene. The mitochondrial genes of respiratory chain showed positive selections with respect to different environments. Our data also highlighted that the Hadban breed had much higher nucleotide changes as compared to Seglawi and together they formed individual branches in phylogenetic tree. However, the tree shows that they were relatively branched to Arabian horse breeds. This study on two Arabian horses shed light on variations among mt genes and their phylogenetic relationship with other horse breeds

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia inhibit growth and asexual development of Phytophthora capsici

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize antagonistic rhizobacteria from chili against a notorious phytopathogen Phytophthora capsici. Among the 48 bacteria isolated, BTLbbc-02, BTLbbc-03, and BTLbbc-05 were selected based on their inhibitory activity against P. capsici. They were tentatively identified as Burkholderia metallica BTLbbc-02, Burkholderia cepacia BTLbbc-03, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTLbbc-05, respectively, based on their 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All inhibited the growth of P. capsici at varying levels by inducing characteristic morphological alterations of P. capsici hyphae. The cell-free culture supernatant of all three isolates impaired motility (up to 100%) and caused lysis (up to 50%) of the halted zoospores. Bioassays revealed that Pseudomonas sp. had higher antagonism and zoospore motility-inhibitory effects against P. capsici compared with two other isolates, Burkholderia spp. and B. metallica, which caused vacuolation in mycelium. All three bacteria suppressed sporangium formation and zoosporogenesis of P. capsici, and improved the seed germination and growth of cucumber. Our findings suggest that epiphytic bacteria, B. metallica, B. cepacia, and P. aeruginosa, could be used as potential biocontrol agents against P. capsici. A further study is required to ensure conformity with the existing regulations for soil, plant, and human health

Plant probiotic bacteria Bacillus and Paraburkholderia improve growth, yield and content of antioxidants in strawberry fruit

Strawberry is an excellent source of natural antioxidants with high capacity of scavenging free radicals. This study evaluated the effects of two plant probiotic bacteria, Bacillus amylolequefaciens BChi1 and Paraburkholderia fungorum BRRh-4 on growth, fruit yield and antioxidant contents in strawberry fruits. Root dipping of seedlings (plug plants) followed by spray applications of both probiotic bacteria in the field on foliage significantly increased fruit yield (up to 48%) over non-treated control. Enhanced fruit yield likely to be linked with higher root and shoot growth, individual and total fruit weight/plant and production of phytohormone by the probiotic bacteria applied on plants. Interestingly, the fruits from plants inoculated with the isolates BChi1 and BRRh-4 had significantly higher contents of phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanins over non-treated control. Total antioxidant activities were also significantly higher (p \u3c 0.05) in fruits of strawberry plants treated with both probiotic bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of significant improvement of both yield and quality of strawberry fruits by the application of plant probiotic bacteria BChi1 and BRRh-4 in a field condition. Further study is needed to elucidate underlying mechanism of growth and quality improvement of strawberry fruits by probiotic bacteria

Chitosan biopolymer promotes yield and stimulates accumulation of antioxidants in strawberry fruit.

Strawberry is a well-known source of natural antioxidants with excellent free radical scavenging capacity. This study determined the effects of chitosan application in field condition on plant growth, fruit yield and antioxidant activities in strawberry fruit. Foliar applications of chitosan on strawberry significantly increased plant growth and fruit yield (up to 42% higher) compared to untreated control. Increased fruit yield was attributed to higher plant growth, individual fruit weight and total fruit weight/plant due to the chitosan application. Surprisingly, the fruit from plants sprayed with chitosan also had significantly higher contents (up to 2.6-fold) of carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenolics compared to untreated control. Total antioxidant activities in fruit of chitosan treated plants were also significantly higher (ca. 2-fold) (p< 0.05) than untreated control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chitosan applied on field plants providing significant improvement of both yield and health benefiting biochemical contents in strawberry fruit. Further study on the elucidation of mechanisms involved with enhancement of growth, yield and biochemical contents by chitosan is needed to promote sustainable production of strawberry