Hydrodynamics study of the modified rotating disc contactor for CO2 absorption from natural gas using emulsion liquid membrane

This study modified the rotating disc contactor (RDC) structure to optimize its performance for CO2 separation from natural gas feed using stable emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). Based on parametric study of absorption of CO2 from natural gas feed into ELM, the mass transfer behavior in the RDC system was optimized. Rotor diameter, stator inner diameter, and minimum free area of RDC were modified to achieve maximum contact between dispersed liquid phase and gas feed phase, which was necessary to achieve maximum mass transfer. The problem of rupture of the emulsion droplet due to pressure created by direct dispersion of gas at the bottom of conventional RDC extraction system was addressed by adding an impeller at the bottom compartment of RDC. The impeller provided continuous mixing of emulsion and a gas sparger was fitted along the impeller's side that maintained the dispersed aqueous phase miscible in system. The hydrodynamic behavior of a modified RDC was optimized for CO2 absorption from natural gas in ELM, which indicated that modified design dimensions can provide a maximum liquid-gas contact. Beside the concentration of CO2 in natural gas feed, it was observed that the speed of RDC and run time significantly influence CO2 absorption from natural gas using ELM. When all the parameters optimized for CO2 absorption from natural gas feed this study is useful in extending the application of RDC in liquid-gas system. In this study, the use of ELM in RDC can be effective for CO2 when applied under proper conditions

Innovative method to prepare a stable emulsion liquid membrane for high CO2 absorption and its performance evaluation for a natural gas feed in a rotating disk contactor

This paper presents an innovative method to prepare a stable emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) for high CO2 absorption in a natural gas feed. This new method achieved high throughput at low power consumption. The ELM prepared using this new method was characterized by determining the effects of the concentration of the ELM constituents, emulsification time, and speed on the emulsion droplet size (EDS) and stability. This was followed by a parametric study of the process parameters for CO2 separation from natural gas in a rotating disk contactor (RDC)-based setup to evaluate the performance of a stable ELM. The results suggest that the retention time of the stable ELM in a RDC increases with increasing amount of absorbed CO2. The results support the fundamental development of the ELM process to achieve a high overall separation efficiency of CO2 removal from natural gas with a relatively small contact time. This is the first parametric study of CO2 absorption from a gas stream in ELM using a RDC as the contracting equipment. The results of the parametric study suggested that the factors of time, TEA concentration and RDC speed have significant effect on the CO2 absorption from natural gas feed. It was identified that 4% TEA in ELM, 30 min operational time and 700 rpm speed of modified RDC system is suitable for maximum CO2 absorption from gas mixture of CO2/CH4. Furthermore, the study suggested that the ELM containing 4% TEA can absorb 5.6 kmol/m3 CO2

Greener energy: issues and challenges for Pakistan-biomass energy prospective

Diversification of fuel sources is imperative to address the energy security, climate change, and sustainable development issues; therefore, it is essential to address the energy crisis through the extensive utilization of abundant renewable energy resources, such as biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. Improving energy services for poor households in developing countries remains one of the most pressing challenges facing the development community. Earlier studies suggest in South Asia the households are likely to follow the energy ladder comprising fuels like dung, crop residue, firewood, kerosene, gobar gas, LPG, and electricity for cooking purposes. Evidence suggests that while it is possible to observe such transition in urban and semi-urban areas, the change is very slow in rural areas. In rural Pakistan, the access to commercial energy resources is limited, the majority of the households still heavily rely on traditional methods of using wood, animal waste and crop waste for domestic fuel needs. Efficiencies of use are very low and most of the potential is wasted because of non-scientific conventional technologies. Consequently there is an obligatory need to develop modern bio-energy technologies since renewable resources may serve to supplement the long-term energy needs of Pakistan to a significant level. Though the bio-resource base of Pakistan is substantial, its contribution to useful energy is low. In this paper we called attention to issues and challenges in biomass utilization for energy in Pakistan in context of sustainable development. This paper has identified areas in Pakistan where there is considerable scope to modernize biomass energy production delivery systems to provide varied energy carriers such as electricity, industrial and domestic fuel and gases. Barriers are examined over the whole biomass energy spectrum and policy issue and institutional roles and responsibilities are discussed

واقعہ صلیب کا مسلم تناظر میں تحقیقی جائزه: A RESEARCH REVIEW OF THE EVENT OF THE CROSS IN THE MUSLIM CONTEXT

The event of the cross has been under debate among the different schools of thought of different religions for hundreds of years. They all have different points of view and different assumptions. It is the religion of Islam that provides detailed information and rational thought about the event of the crucifixion of Jesus (Peace be upon him). The cross, in the context of Islam, primarily refers to the crucifixion of Jesus (Isa in Arabic), a significant figure in both Christianity and Islam. This research paper aims to provide comprehensive research-based analysis of the event of the cross, so-called the crucifixion of Jesus (Isa), within the Muslim context. It delves into Islamic beliefs, interpretations, historical accounts, and theological perspectives surrounding this pivotal event. Through an analysis of primary Islamic sources and scholarly works, this paper throws light on how Muslims consider the event of the crucifixion of Jesus (Peace be upon him)

Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan--Biomass energy prospective

Diversification of fuel sources is imperative to address the energy security, climate change, and sustainable development issues; therefore, it is essential to address the energy crisis through the extensive utilization of abundant renewable energy resources, such as biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. Improving energy services for poor households in developing countries remains one of the most pressing challenges facing the development community. Earlier studies suggest in South Asia the households are likely to follow the energy ladder comprising fuels like dung, crop residue, firewood, kerosene, gobar gas, LPG, and electricity for cooking purposes. Evidence suggests that while it is possible to observe such transition in urban and semi-urban areas, the change is very slow in rural areas. In rural Pakistan, the access to commercial energy resources is limited, the majority of the households still heavily rely on traditional methods of using wood, animal waste and crop waste for domestic fuel needs. Efficiencies of use are very low and most of the potential is wasted because of non-scientific conventional technologies. Consequently there is an obligatory need to develop modern bio-energy technologies since renewable resources may serve to supplement the long-term energy needs of Pakistan to a significant level. Though the bio-resource base of Pakistan is substantial, its contribution to useful energy is low. In this paper we called attention to issues and challenges in biomass utilization for energy in Pakistan in context of sustainable development. This paper has identified areas in Pakistan where there is considerable scope to modernize biomass energy production delivery systems to provide varied energy carriers such as electricity, industrial and domestic fuel and gases. Barriers are examined over the whole biomass energy spectrum and policy issue and institutional roles and responsibilities are discussed.Green energy Biomass Modern bioenergy Sustainable development Pakistan South Asia

Enhancing Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Leaning through 3D Animation

Cognitive theory of Multimedia learning has been a widely used principle in education. However, with current technological advancements and usage, the teaching and learning trend of children’s have also changed with more dependability towards technology. This research work explores and implement the use of 3D Animation as tool for multimedia learning based on cognitive theory. This new dimension in cognitive learning, will foster the latest multimedia tools and application driven through 3D Animation, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. The three principles, that facilitate cognitive theory of multimedia learning using animation, addressed in this research are temporal contiguity principle (screening matching narration with animation simultaneously rather than successively), personalization principle (screening text or dialogs in casual form rather than formal style) and finally the multimedia principle (screen animation and audio narration together instead of just narration). The result of this new model would yield a new technique of educating the young children through 3D animation and virtual reality. The adaptation of  cognitive theory through 3D animation as a source of multimedia learning with various key principles produces a reliable paradigm for educational enhancement

Strategies for the consolidation of biologically mediated events in the conversion of pre-treated lignocellulose into ethanol

Notwithstanding the plentiful published work on the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials this comprehensive review relates how the basic research of a commercially viable industrial production strategy is still lacking. The objective of this review is to compile information on the different strategies and to consolidate the biologically mediated events involved in the conversion of pre-treated lignocellulose to ethanol and associated expenses so that some generalized information can be developed that could help policy makers and other stakeholders in designing a policy framework to promote second generation biofuels. The review also discusses the potential of process integration, its cost competitiveness and role in establishing commercial facilities for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass

Perspectives for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstock – A case study

Pakistan has limited indigenous resources of fossil fuel and the deficit is being filled through imports of crude oil and petroleum product. The country presently produces bio ethanol predominantly from molasses, a byproduct of the refining of sugarcane. Since promotion of 1st-generation biofuels appears unsustainable because of the potential stress on food commodities, crop residues present a major opportunity for cleaner production through promotion of 2nd generation bio ethanol. Based on the evaluation of the availability of lignocellulosic biomass in Pakistan, this study forecasts the annual yield of five lignocellulosic feedstocks i.e. cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, rice straw, maize stalks and wheat straw from 2013 to 2030 in Pakistan with the help of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System Model. Based on the availability of biomass feedstock, the study forecasts the maximum theoretical potential for production of bio ethanol from these crop residues up to 2030. Our study also analyses the parameters affecting the basic price for the crop residue collection

Developments in hydrogen production through microbial processes: Pakistan perspective

Currently, hydrogen (H2) is primarily used in the chemical industry as a reactant, but it is being proposed as future fuel. H2 has great potential as an environmentally clean energy fuel and as a way to reduce reliance on imported energy sources. A combination of the need to cut carbon dioxide emissions, the prospect of increasingly expensive oil and the estimated growth in the world's vehicle fleet indicates that only H2 can plug the gap. There are many processes for H2 production. The key issue to make H2 an attractive alternative fuel is to optimize its production from renewable raw materials instead of the more common energy intensive processes such as natural gas reforming or electrolysis of water. With such vision, this paper reviews developments in microbial processes for H2 production followed by a road map to H2 economy in Pakistan. The H2 economy potentially offers the possibility to deliver a range of benefits for the country; however, significant challenges exist and these are unlikely to be overcome without serious efforts

A review of novel green adsorbents as a sustainable alternative for the remediation of chromium (VI) from water environments

The presence of heavy metal, chromium (VI), in water environments leads to various diseases in humans, such as cancer, lung tumors, and allergies. This review comparatively examines the use of several adsorbents, such as biosorbents, activated carbon, nanocomposites, and polyaniline (PANI), in terms of the operational parameters (initial chromium (VI) concentration (Co), temperature (T), pH, contact time (t), and adsorbent dosage) to achieve the Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for chromium (VI) adsorption. The study finds that the use of biosorbents (fruit bio-composite, fungus, leave, and oak bark char), activated carbons (HCl-treated dry fruit waste, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) PEI-KOH alkali-treated rice waste-derived biochar, and KOH/hydrochloric acid (HCl) acid/base-treated commercial), iron-based nanocomposites, magnetic manganese-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites, copper-based nanocomposites, graphene oxide functionalized amino acid, and PANI functionalized transition metal are effective in achieving high Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for chromium (VI) adsorption, and that operational parameters such as initial concentration, temperature, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage significantly affect the Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm). Magnetic graphene oxide functionalized amino acid showed the highest experimental and pseudo-second-order kinetic model equilibrium adsorption capacities. The iron oxide functionalized calcium carbonate (IO@CaCO3) nanocomposites showed the highest heterogeneous adsorption capacity. Additionally, Syzygium cumini bark biosorbent is highly effective in treating tannery industrial wastewater with high levels of chromium (VI)