Analisa sistem keselamatan kebakaran pada stadium tertutup (kes kajian: stadium Putra, Bukit Jalil dan Stadium Malawati, Shah Alam) / Robiah Abdul Rashid

Stadium merupakan satu tempat bagi menjalankan pelbagai aktiviti manusia yang mana penggunaannya melibatkan jumlah manusia yang ramai dalam satu masa. Walaubagaimanapun, stadium juga seperti bangunan-bangunan lain dimana stadium juga turut terdedah kepada risiko kebakaran yang sukar dijangka kejadiannya. Kebakaran ini boleh mengakibatkan kehilangan nyawa dan kerugian harta benda terhadap manusia. Oleh itu, amatlah penting setiap individu dapat melepaskan diri masing-masing dengan selamat apabila berlakunya kebakaran. Apabila berlaku kebakaran, suasana di tempat kejadian sayu dengan suara tangisan, raungan serta wajah-wajah yang dipenuhi ketakutan malah ada yang pengsan. Di satu sudut, ada mangsa yang menyalahkan pihak bomba kerana gagal menyelamatkan harta benda dan nyawa mangsa yang terlibat. Senario sebegini lazim berlaku. Belum sempat pasukan bomba mengambil tindakan, segala-galanya telah hangus dijilat api yang marak. Keadaan sebegini boleh berlaku jika masyarakat tidak mengetahui sains kebakaran yang menyebabkan mereka tidak tahu cara untuk mencegah kebakaran. Analisa sistem keselamatan kebakaran pada stadium tertutup Antara faktor-faktor keselamatan yang perlu diambilkira adalah keselamatan pengguna daripada kebakaran, keselamatan struktur bangunan tersebut dan Iain-lain ciri keselamatan bangunan. Fokus utama dalam dissertasi ini adalah berkaitan dengan kepentingan sistem keselamatan kebakaran kepada pengguna sesebuah bangunan stadium tertutup. Bangunan jenis ini sesungguhnya memerlukan satu sistem keselamatan kebakaran yang efisien. Ini adalah disebabkan fungsi bangunan itu sendiri yang mana melibatkan jumlah pengguna yang ramai. Kegagalan sesuatu sistem keselamatan kebakaran dalam bangunan seperti ini akan mengakibatkan bencana yang buruk yang melibatkan beratus-ratus atau beribu-ribu orang terkorban

Amalan baik senggaraan bangunan warisan di Malaysia.

Penyenggaraan bangunan warisan memerlukan satu sistem yang sewajarnya bagi mencapai objektif penyenggaraan yang berkesan. Satu tinjauan awalan terhadap pendekatan penyenggaraan bangunan warisan telah menunjukkan bahawa tahap penyenggaraan bangunan warisan di Malaysia masih di tahap sederhana dan memerlukan penambahbaikan berterusan. Maintenance of heritage buildings requires an appropriate system to achieve the objectives of an effective maintenance. A preliminary review of heritage building maintenance approach has shown that the maintenance of heritage building is still in the moderate level and requires continuous improvement

The Implementation Of Maintenance Works For Historical Buildings – A Review On The Current Scenario

The conservation of historical buildings is a method on preserving structures which are historically and culturally important to the nation

CVD whiskerization treatment process for the enhancement of carbon fiber composite flexural strength

Carbon fiber composite performance can be enhanced by applying an optimum level of fiber surface treatment such as whiskerization. The main objectives of this study were to conduct whiskerization through carbon nanotube (CNT)-coating of carbon fiber via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) at various conditions (temperature and hydrogen flow rate) and to investigate the enhancement in flexural strength of composites fabricated from these CNT-coated carbon fibers. The results indicated that CNTs were able to grow onto the carbon fibres with the highest amount of whiskerization occurring for samples nearest the reactant gas inlet of the CVD Rig. Various whiskerization behaviours were observed at different reaction temperatures and flow rates. From flexural tests, it was found that whiskerization treatment on carbon fibers increases the flexural strength of its composites between 44-122%

Development of palm - based neopentyl glycol diester as dielectric fluid and its thermal aging performance

The potential of palm-based neopentyl glycol diester as dielectric insulating fluid was investigated. The details of the transesterification of high oleic palm oil methyl ester (POME) with neopentyl glycol (NPG) with the final product yield of more than 90 wt% of NPG diester were discussed. The thermal aging performance of NPG diester was compared with conventional mineral insulating oil at 90, 110 and 130 °C. This paper focused mainly in the effects of aging to chemical, physical and electrical properties of NPG diester. Apart from being fully biodegradable and non-toxic, the synthesized diesters exhibited high flashpoint and the breakdown voltage was comparable to mineral oil. The result indicated that throughout the aging period, NPG diester exhibited lower acid value than mineral oil and no significant change in viscosity was observed. The study on mechanical properties of insulating paper aged in NPG diester shows higher tensile strength than paper aged in mineral oil. The synthesized esters have shown great potential to be used as transformer oil

A review of biolubricants in drilling fluids: recent research, performance, and applications

Lubricant additives are added to drilling fluids to lower the drag and torque between the drill strings and rock formation. They impart lubricating properties into two moving surfaces contacts under extreme temperature and pressure conditions. Currently, there is a significant interest in developing biolubricants derived from organic sources. Biolubricants offer several valuable friction-reducing physicochemical properties, including high lubricity, wide viscosity range, low pour point, high flash point, high thermal stability, and biodegradability when applied in drilling operation. This study reviews the application of general lubricants in drilling fluids and the potential of biolubricants derived from vegetable oils in exceeding the performance of hydrocarbon and mineral-based lubricants. Overall, biolubricants possess most of the physicochemical properties required as a lubricant for drilling fluids. The utilization of organic ester-based biolubricant might result in faster and deeper drilling, lower bioaccumulation and high biodegradability characteristic, less waste volume, and reduced in overall operation cost. Among the available biolubricants, polyol esters of vegetable oils demonstrate the most suitable lubricants for many drilling conditions, even though their application is still very limited

Sorption kinetics for the removal of cadmium and zinc onto palm kernel shell based activated carbon

The kinetics and mechanism of cadmium and zinc adsorption on palm kernel shell based activated carbons (PKSAC) have been studied. A series of batch laboratory studies were conducted in order to investigate the suitability of palm kernel shell based activated carbon (PKSAC) for the removal of cadmium (cadmium ions) and zinc (zinc ions) from their aqueous solutions. All batch experiments were carried out at pH 7.0 and a constant temperature of 30+-1°C using an incubator shaker that operated at 150 rpm. The kinetics investigated includes the pseudo first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo-second order model correlate excellently the experimental data, suggesting that chemisorption processes could be the rate-limiting step

Potential of Ethylhexyl Ester Oil to Enhance Drilling of HTHP Wellbores

Ester-based drilling fluids have been accepted as an alternative to mineral oils in drilling applications and currently being utilized to drill oil or gas wells around the world. However, the ester-based fluids have deficiencies that limit its ability to carry and transfer drilled solids, stabilize the wellbore and drill the extended reach wells. Several approaches have been considered to overcome the ester limitations. Thus, the main aim of this study is to overcome these limitations by developing the high performance ester-based green drilling fluids for deep and ultra-deep wells. The low-pressure technology was applied in the synthesis of the ester to minimize ester hydrolysis and thermal instability issues during the drilling operation. The rapid ester synthesis involved the 2-ethylhexanol and vegetable oil-based methyl esters C12 in the presence of sodium methoxide as the catalyst. Performances of 2-EH ester-based drilling fluids behaviour was assessed under different hot rolling temperatures (121, 149, 177, and 200oC) for 16 hours. The rheological properties in terms of low shear rate of 6 and 3 rpm were superior which verified that these ester-based muds could be used in deep and ultra-deep wellbores without sagging, pipe sticking and unbalanced wellbore problems

Review of biodegradable synthetic-based drilling fluid: progression, performance and future prospect

This paper provides a comprehensive review on ester based drilling fluid (EBDF). It is no secret that esters with biodegradability and bioaccumulation attributes are among the promising alternatives to synthetic base oil in drilling fluids. The findings from the literature explained the critical parameters for drilling fluid base which are i) kinematic viscosity, ii) pour point and iii) flash point iv) thermal stability and v) hydrolytic stability and vi) elastomer compatibility. In an ideal case, an EBDF requires base oil with low viscosity, low pour, high flash point, high thermal and hydrolytic stability and compatibility with existing elastomer. However in the real application, these requirements may not be the same as the bottom hole condition which is always subjected to high pressure and high temperature environment. At the moment, the performance of EBDF is considered outstanding for normal borehole depth and complexity. Nevertheless the constraints such as low temperature at the seabed while high temperature and high pressure at the bottom hole may be slightly different when dealing with an EBDF. This is due to its unique molecular structure of ester. Affected parameters include i) high kinematic viscosity, ii) hydrolytic degradation and iii) thermal stability. Failure in managing these parameters may lead to detrimental impacts on the drilling fluid performances and the fluid's stabilities. The application of low viscosity, high thermal and hydrolytic properties of esters and combination with unique carbon based nanomaterials into formulation might be able to close the gap of current EBDF performances

Performance evaluation of polyol esters from palm oil as a lubricant for bentonite suspension drilling fluid

This study evaluated the potential use of three polyol esters (POEs) derived from palm oil as a lubricant in bentonite suspension drilling fluid. Three different POEs were investigated, which are pentaerythritol ester (PEE), trimethylolpropane ester (TMPE), and neopentylglycol ester (NPGE). It was revealed that POEs reduced the coefficient of friction (COF) in bentonite suspension by more than 80%. However, TMPE and NPGE undesirably caused foaming and altered the gel texture of the suspension. PEE showed the best performance as it produced the highest lubricity and the lowest effect on the suspension texture. The decrease of COF might increase the drilling efficiency and prevent the lubricity-related drilling problems. The findings of this investigation will be used for future applications of POE from palm oil in wider mud formulation