Asas pengawal logik boleh atur cara (PLC)

Pengawal Logik Boleh Atur Cara (PLC) ialah elemen asas dan penting dalam bidang Kejuruteraan Kawalan yang digunakan dalam perkakasan elektrik dan mekanikal. Justeru, secara keseluruhannya, kebanyakan aplikasi yang melibatkan kawalan arus elektrik menggunakan PLC sebagai komponen kawalan. Buku ini menerangkan secara terperinci asas operasi sesebuah PLC termasuk instrumen perantaramukaan jenis analog dan digital. Selain itu, teori dan aplikasi asas atur cara PLC diterangkan dengan menggunakan rajah tangga. Pada bab akhir pula, ditunjukkan beberapa contoh aplikasi sebenar PLC dalam bidang Kejuruteraan Kawalan yang mana rajah tangga dan rajah skematik setiap aplikasi dijelaskan secara terperinci. Buku ini sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan rujukan utama untuk pelajar dalam jurusan teknologi sama ada di peringkat sarjana muda, diploma dan sijil serta kepada jurutera dan juruteknik yang terlibat dalam bidang ini

The hardware design technique for ultrasonic process tomography system

This paper describes a work carried out to design and development an ultrasonic process tomography system. The hardware design technique is of interest of this paper. A number of 32-ultrasonic transducers have been employed and the interrogation of ultrasonic information is based on transmission-mode approach. The hardware design technique including the signal processing methodology and the data acquisition technique has been detailed. An embedded controller has been used on each channel to simplify the hardware design as well as for system synchronization. An auto-calibration approach has also been used to calibrate 544 signals information. At the end of the paper, several tomograms reconstructed using the sensor array is discussed

Prediction of HB, TW, and LDH in normal and leukemia subjects using PLSR analysis

There are numerous applications of Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) in the medical field. For instance, the application of NIRs can be found in the process of determining a blood parameter which acts as biomarker of specific diseased. This paper proposed a non-invasive leukemia early stage screening technique based on blood hemoglobin (HB), total white cell (TW), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The spectral data was acquired by applying NIRs directly at human fingertip and laboratory data was acquired from standard blood drawing procedure. During PLSR analysis the spectral data was compared with laboratory data for validation. The correlative coefficient of prediction (RP) for normal dataset is 0.9168, 0.8876, and 0.8307 for HB, TW, and LDH respectively. The correlative coefficient of prediction (RP) for leukemia dataset is 0.8588, 0.8868, and 0.8307 for HB, TW, and LDH respectively. The blood parameter with the highest R and smallest difference between RMSEC and RMSEP for both normal and leukemia data sets are HB, TW, and LDH accordingly. The high correlation level between the predicted values and the reference values proves the potential of using NIR spectral information for non-invasive early stage leukemia screening

Infrared temperature sensing

In the field of temperature sensing, there are any ways to measure a temperature on both living and non-living things. Nowadays, temperature was able to be measured by using the infrared radiation. Infrared (IR) is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz)[1]. Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermo graphic cameras usually detect radiation in the long infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. The principle of the infrared thermal imaging was by receiving the invisible infrared radiation energy which emitted by the object into the air. Based on the relationship between the infrared radiation energy and temperature could know the relevant object surface temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)[2][3]

Prevention Of Sexual Exploitation On Migrant Young Girls’ In Sabah

Sabah is a destination and transit point for migrant workers, mainly from Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines and other countries in Asia. Often their migration to Sabah in search of employment is done voluntarily. This includes the migrant young girls. Similar to women workers, the young girls being vulnerable, they were exposed to exploitation, cheating, misrepresentation by the employers and agents. They were trapped into debt bondage and forced labour by employers, employment agents or recruiters. Young girls are trapped, forced to work and perform work not suitable for their age and ability and paid less than adults doing similar work. These are common abusive, exploitative conducts practiced on these young girls. They were exploited and forced to pay various fees and their debts inflated to prolong exploitation particularly those smuggled into Sabah. The fact that they were exploited victims, this allows them to be protected under the Malaysia Anti- trafficking In Persons and Anti Smuggling Act 2007 (amendment 2012) as trafficked persons. It is most disastrous when it involves the sexual exploitation of migrant young girls by irresponsible syndicate, to gain profit from their vulnerability and ignorance. Thus, this paper intends to dwell into the problems faced by sexually exploited young migrant girls, types of exploitation and abuse faced, and protection conducted by the law enforcers to protect them and prevent such sexual exploitation by the local agents and employers

A Non-Invasive Approach to Predict Risk In Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

The purpose of this study was to validate a single BIA for predicting the risk in DHF in dengue patients in the Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM). The BIA technique based on the passing of low-amplitude electrical current less than 1 mA (500 to 800!A) with frequency 50kHz. During hospitalization, 210 patients who are 119 males and 91 females serologically confirmed DF and DHF patients were tested using single BIA. By using multiple regression analysis, race, reactance, complication, headache and the day of fever were found independent determinants of predicting the risk. Hence, this novel approach of BIA technique can provide rapid, non-invasive, and promising method for classifying and evaluating the status of the DHF patients

A review of thermoelectric energy harvester and its power management approach in electronic applications

Thermoelectric energy (or power) harvester is a kind of renewable energy approach that extracts waste heat from targeted device or object to generate electrical power. It is an advance technology widespread among researchers for decades. By having plenty of promising advantages, the thermo-electric power harvester is being developed in types of feasible interfaces. This review paper focused on research had been done relating to thermo-electric power harvester, in the macro scale and mainly in the micro scale of power harvester. Several designs of thermo-electric technologies will be further discussed in this paper. This paper reveals the viability of thermo-electric power harvester in sustaining electric supply for micro-electronics applications. Eventually, some add-on is being proposed at the last part of the paper

Theoretical Foundation On Women Trafficking In Malaysia: A Legal Implication

Malaysia being a semi-developed country is attracting people from all corners of the world and this has caused people to migrate for work and other purposes. This also opened the doors to human trafficking and human smuggling activities that had blemished the country's reputation when ranked successively tier 3 and 2 in TIP (Trafficking In Persons) Report. Being aware of the problem, the country enacted the Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrant Act 2007 (amend.2012) but the enforcement has yet to be effective enough to stop completely sexual exploitation syndicates via trafficking in persons. Particularly, women and young girls were lured into becoming sex workers and domestic labour market. There are numerous theoretical foundations that explain why women are being trafficked and victimized as sex workers globally. Feminist economics, have proposed that supply of sex work is rooted in absence of economic alternatives, and that prohibitionist policies, both on the supply and the demand side, worsen working conditions and health of sex workers. Whereas migration theories are built differently based on comparison of wage differentials, employment differentials or, more broadly, living standard differentials between origin and destination countries. Nature of business that manipulated vulnerable conditions such as youth; gender; poverty; ignorance; social and cultural exclusion; political instability, war, and conflicts, discriminatory social, cultural, and legal frameworks; and ongoing demand. This paper presentation will firstly, explain the Women Trafficking activities and prevention efforts by the enforcers. Secondly, it focuses on what causes women trafficking and the underlying theoretical foundations that resulted in the sexual exploitation of women. Finally, the paper dwells on how the Malaysian laws protect women from being trafficked and sexually exploited as sex workers

Ultrasonic tomography - image reconstruction algorithms

This paper focuses on image reconstruction algorithms for use in ultrasonic tomography. There are three types of algorithms namely Linear Back Projection, Hybrid Reconstruction and Hybrid Binary Reconstruction that are of interest. The algorithms have been evaluated on ultrasonic tomography system based on several known phantoms and real objects. The performance of the algorithms have been analyzed and discussed at the end of the paper. A recommendation of suitable reconstruction algorithm for liquid/gas flows has also been made at the end of the paper