Role of sperm apoptosis and oxidative stress in male infertility: A narrative review

Activation of caspase, externalization of phosphatidyl serine, change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation are apoptosis markers found in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the different types of male infertility. In this review, data sources including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched for publications with no particular time restriction to get a holistic and comprehensive view of the research. Apoptosis regulates the male germ cells, correct function and development from the early embryonic stages of gonadal differentiation to fertilization. In addition to maintaining a reasonable ratio between the Sertoli and germ cells, apoptosis is one of the well-known quality control mechanisms in the testis. Also, high ROS levels cause a heightened and dysregulated apoptotic response. Apoptosis is one of the well-known mechanisms of quality control in the testis. Nevertheless, increased apoptosis may have adverse effects on sperm production. Recent studies have shown that ROS and the consequent oxidative stress play a crucial role in apoptosis. This review aims to assimilate and summarize recent findings on the apoptosis in male reproduction and fertility. Also, this review discusses the update on the role of ROS in normal sperm function to guide future research in this area. Key words: Fertility, Spermatogonia, Apoptosis, Reproduction, DNA fragmentation, DNA integrity, ROS

The effect of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Leukemia

Background: Stem cells play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration due to their self-renewal properties. In recent years, the use of stem cells as an important and valuable treatment method has created a new hope for the treatment of diseases and disorders that were previously difficult to treat. In this review article, the introduction of stem cells and their capabilities for treatment, as well as the sources of stem cells and the use of these sources for the treatment of diseases, including the treatment of leukemia, have been discussed. Material and Methods: Extensive search in Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to the article and review of various articles published between 1957 and 2022 about stem cells and the use of these cells to treat diseases.  Results: Recently, it has been proven that hematopoietic stem cells can be produced from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells can make different blood cells. These findings help medical science in the treatment of various types of blood cancer. Also, during the conducted research, it has been determined that induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) can be used in the treatment of various diseases, including leukemia.NOTCH, Wnt, TGF-B1 signaling pathways play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Evidence shows that cancer stem cells have a high ability to create tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells has been reported in some patients, including those with acute myeloid leukemia.Also, the results of research conducted in recent years show that the SALL4 gene can be used in the treatment of leukemia. Conclusions: The results of various researches show that treatment with stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, can be a suitable method for treating patients with leukemia

The importance of fibronectin in development, regeneration and treatment: review article

Fibronectin (FN) is one of the essential component of the extra cellular matrix and their important role is as regulator of cellular activities and also fibronectin is an important scaffold for maintaining tissue. Fibronectin conformational changes expose additional binding sites that participate in fibril formation and in conversion of fibrils into a stabilized, insoluble form. In fact fibronectin is a connected glycoprotein disulfide dimer with sedimentation coefficient of approximately S 13 and 440 kDa molecular mass which is exist in many extracellular matrix and plasma with concentration of approximately 300 µg/ml that during the regeneration body tissues acts in severely regulated stages until regenerate the damaged tissue. Fibronectin has domains for interacting with other extra cellular matrix proteins, cell surface receptors, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and other FN molecules. This combination of domains allows FNs to bind simultaneously to cells and to molecules within the surrounding matrix. Also fibronectin have binding sites for collagen/ gelatin, heparin, fibrinogen, and other molecules. In the present study important roles of fibronectin in development, regeneration especially in nerves system and important role of it in treatment of some diseases have been reviewed. Present study has reviewed 77 publications by using of PubMed, NCBI, Elsevier, EBSCO and Nature databases for describing the important roles of fibronectin in biological systems. Studies have shown that fibronectin has diverse roles such as: cellular adhesion, embryonic differentiation, assembly of extra cellular matrix, connecting and cell growth, transformation as well as cell migration that each of this roles depends to fibronectins action site. Considering the important role of fibronectin in attachment of cancer cells to basal lamina, spread neoplasm, tissue regeneration and formation of extra cellular matrix better identification the properties as well as physiological applications of fibronectin in tissues and bodies of animals can provide the better understanding of physiological mechanisms and pathophysiological effects of cells on each other, and also provides the new ways for treatment a variety of diseases

The Effect of Electromagnetic Waves Exposure on Blood Parameters

Background: Now a days researchers have shown grean interest in electromagnetic waves which spread from devices such az microwaves,satellites,tv,cell phones etc,due to various reports of their devasting effects on animal growth and health.in this study the effects of these radiations on blood cells is investigated.Methods: In the present study the effect of radiation on blood parameters in the factory workers, including welders, computer operators, individuals working in the furnace and the control group were investigated. In order to determine changes in blood parameters, blood samples were taken from the workers and then were analyzed by standard procedures and compared with control group of changes in blood parameters. Spss soft ware for data analysis and one-way ANOVA and Duncan test was used.Results: Results have shown that individuals affected by these waves show significant increase in the amount of RBC, MCV and platelet (P <0.05). While the amount of hemoglobin, the percentage of lymphocytes and WBC was reduced.Conclusion: These effects could be due to the stimulatory effects of radiation on cell division in bone marrow cells is But the effects of radiation on living systems requires further research

Effect of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized with Sumac Extract on Changes in Biochemical and Histological Factors in Rats

Background and Objective: The application of different nanoparticles using green synthesis is increasing due to fewer complications. This study was conducted to identify the effect of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract on changes in biochemical and histological factors in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 five-month-old male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 250-300 mg/kg of body weight were divided into three groups: The control group (saline receiving), the experimental groups receiving intraperitoneal cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight. Serum and tissue samples (liver, kidney, and spleen) were isolated. Serum concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine were determined. The photometric method was used to measure liver enzymes, the calorimetric method without omitting proteins based on the Jaffe method was used to measure creatinine, and the urease-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) method was used to measure urea. Tissue samples were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) microscopic studies were used for microscopic investigations. Results: No statistical significance was observed in blood samples and factors (urea, creatinine, ALT, and AST) in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Similarly, in the morphological investigation, the size of the liver, kidney, and spleen of the groups receiving cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract was normal compared to the control group. Conclusion: Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac had no toxic effect on the rats’ liver, spleen, and kidney tissues

Neuroprotective Potential of Trans-Anethole Following Crush Injury of the Sciatic Nerve in Rats

Background and Aim: Sciatic nerve injury is a common condition that can lead to significant functional deficits. Although current treatments are effective in reducing symptoms, more effective and safer treatments are still required. In this research, the effect of trans-anethole (TA) was investigated on improving the sciatic nerve function in a rat model. Methods and Materials/Patients: Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Animals were subjected to deep anesthesia. Then, to create a model of the sciatic nerve, the right leg of the rats was compressed above the location of the trifurcation of the nerve. The control and negative groups received saline. Trans-anethole 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally into two groups of the sciatica model. Finally, muscle histological changes were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that the injection of TA improved motor recovery in rats. The highest recovery rate was related to the dose of 250 mg/kg. The morphometric analysis suggested that the number of fibers and the thickness of the myelin sheath were significantly higher in the group treated with TA compared with the control group. An increase in muscle mass and a decrease in muscle atrophy were observed in the groups treated with TA compared with the negative control group. Conclusion: These data showed that TA improves nerve damage and can be used as an option to improve inflammation-induced sciatica

THE EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 INTAKE ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORNESS IN NON-ATHLET MEN

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is classified as a muscle strain that presents with tenderness and stiffness one to two days after exercise. At present there are multiple proposed methods for treating DOMS, including anti-inflammatory medication, stretching, homeopathy, L-carnitine, rest and light exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigation of the effects of omega-3 intake on delayed onset muscle soreness in non-athlete men. 20 healthy subjects (age: 20.5±1.8 years) participated as subjects in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). In the experimental group, subjects consume daily 2000 mg of omega-3; 2 times per day for 1 month before and 48 hours after perform leg press exercise with eccentric pattern. Similarly, the was taking in the control group. The results showed significant decrease in severity of DOMS (CK and LDH levels and decreased knee's range of motion) in experimental group in comparison with control group (p<0.05). As a result of our study it is suggested that the use of omega-3 supplement can effectively reduce DOMS caused by eccentric exercise

THE EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 INTAKE ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORNESS IN NON-ATHLET MEN

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is classified as a muscle strain that presents with tenderness and stiffness one to two days after exercise. At present there are multiple proposed methods for treating DOMS, including anti-inflammatory medication, stretching, homeopathy, L-carnitine, rest and light exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigation of the effects of omega-3 intake on delayed onset muscle soreness in non-athlete men. 20 healthy subjects (age: 20.5±1.8 years) participated as subjects in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). In the experimental group, subjects consume daily 2000 mg of omega-3; 2 times per day for 1 month before and 48 hours after perform leg press exercise with eccentric pattern. Similarly, the с was taking in the control group. The results showed significant decrease in severity of DOMS (CK and LDH levels and decreased knee's range of motion) in experimental group in comparison with control group (p<0.05). As a result of our study it is suggested that the use of omega-3 supplement can effectively reduce DOMS caused by eccentric exercise

Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Effect of Eugenol on the Improvement of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats

Background: Sciatica is a common human disorder associated with chronic pain. To speed up the recovery of damaged sciatic nerve, using plant derivatives, such as Eugenol can be effective due to its known neuroprotective properties. This study, investigated the effects of Eugenol on the regenerative process of experimentally induced sciatic nerve injury in rats. Methods: Twenty eight male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 grams were divided into four groups of seven rats each. The control and sciatica model groups received normal saline only. The other two groups of sciatica model received Eugenol intraperitoneally at either 50 or 100 mg/kg daily for one week. Behavioral tests were also performed, and samples of the gastrocnemius muscles were removed under anesthesia for histopathological examinations. Results: The pace of nerve injury improvement and recovery of both sensory and motor functions increased significantly in Eugenol-treated groups compared to both the sciatica model and control groups. Conclusion: Eugenol administration improved the repair and regenerative process of the induced peripheral sciatic nerve damage in rats. Therefore, this compound may be considered as a beneficial treatment option for sciatica in humans

RNA Editing and Its Application in Medicine

Background & objectives: One of the functions of RNA editing is to change the RNA sequence without changing the genomic DNA sequence and changing the fate of cellular RNA. Therefore, studying the clinical application of RNA editing for targeted therapies is necessary. Methods: All articles related to the subject of the study were searched in the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar database. Results: The changes that occur within the RNA editing are A to I base replacement by adenosine deaminase (ADAR) on RNA and C to U replacement by the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide1 (APOBEC1). Recently, the role of RNA editing in human diseases has been reported. Conclusion: RNA editing can be used as a new strategy to identify new disease biomarkers and more personalized treatments for various diseases