57 research outputs found

    Le DOHaD et ses implications en Ă©levage

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    International audienc

    Le modĂšle porcin naturel de retard de croissance pour l’étude de la programmation mĂ©tabolique et l’obĂ©sitĂ©

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    Le retard de croissance intra-utĂ©rin (RCIU) demeure un problĂšme non rĂ©solu en mĂ©dicine pĂ©rinatale. Le RCIU est reconnu comme une des causes principales de morbiditĂ© pĂ©rinatale et rĂ©sulte, entre autres, d’un mauvais environnement maternel et d’une insufïŹsance placentaire. L’environnement maternel inadĂ©quat met en danger non seulement la vie du nouveau nĂ© mais a des rĂ©percussions Ă  long terme sur la vie du futur adulte. Des Ă©tudes Ă©pidĂ©miologiques ont en effet dĂ©montrĂ© que le RCIU est associĂ© Ă  un risque Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©veloppement de pathologies tardives tels que l’hypertension, le diabĂšte de type 2 et l’obĂ©sitĂ©. Cette association a donnĂ© lieu au concept bien connu de programmation mĂ©tabolique dĂ©veloppĂ© par BARKER en 1994. De maniĂšre intĂ©ressante, les modĂšles animaux mimant la situation chez l’homme sont d’excellents outils pour comprendre les mĂ©canismes gĂ©nĂ©tiques, molĂ©culaires et cellulaires sous jacents. Historiquement les petits rongeurs ont Ă©tĂ© les modĂšles prĂ©dominants d’étude de la programmation fƓtale et plusieurs techniques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es sur cette espĂšce pour induire expĂ©rimentalement des animaux RCIU. RĂ©cemment, le modĂšle porcin naturel de retard de croissance a Ă©tĂ© reconnu comme intĂ©ressant pour l’étude de la programmation mĂ©tabolique et l’obĂ©sitĂ©. En effet, comme chez le RCIU humain, le porc RCIU prĂ©sente les mĂȘme signes de croissance adaptatrice/compensatrice entrainant une augmentation de l’adipositĂ© au cours de la vie adulte. De plus, les processus de croissance et de dĂ©veloppement des organes du porc sont semblables Ă  ceux dĂ©crits chez l’Homme. En utilisant ce modĂšle, nous avons montrĂ© que quelques jours aprĂšs la naissance les porcs RCIU prĂ©sentent une altĂ©ration de la distribution de l’expression du rĂ©cepteur de la leptine au niveau des noyaux hypothalamiques. Nous avons observĂ© une altĂ©ration de la structure du tissu adipeux chez le porc RCIU avec une grande densitĂ© de petites cellules adipocytaires. AprĂšs le sevrage, les animaux accusent une croissance postnatale rapide entrainant une augmentation de l’adipositĂ© Ă  un Ăąge plus avancĂ© (J 165). Le traitement postnatal par la leptine inverse partiellement le phĂ©notype de l’IUGR en corrigeant la vitesse de croissance, la composition corporelle et rĂ©tablit le poids et la structure de certains organes impliquĂ©s dans la rĂ©gulation mĂ©tabolique. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient contribuer au dĂ©veloppement d’une nouvelle thĂ©rapie pour la lutte contre la programmation mĂ©tabolique et le dĂ©veloppement Ă  long terme de l’obĂ©sitĂ©

    Delayed sexual maturation through gonadotropin receptor vaccination in the rainbow trout <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>

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    International audienceIn fish, gonadotropin hormones FSH-GTH1 and LH-GTH2 are less specific for their cognate receptors than in mammals. The respective reproductive functions of fish LH and FSH are thus difficult to establish. We aimed to study the effect of specific antagonists of the two gonadotropin receptors on trout sexual maturation in both sexes by targeting specific regions of LH and FSH receptors, Lhr and Fshr. Filamentous phages displaying Lhr specific or Fshr specific decapeptides from the extracellular hormone binding domain were engineered. Recombinant phages were used as receptor-specific antagonistic vaccines. Male and female trouts were immunized with anti-LHR, anti-FSHR, anti-FSHR + LHR or adjuvant alone, through multiple injections over 8-24 weeks, starting at different stages of sexual maturation. The consequences of immunization on gonadal development were evaluated by determining gonad growth, by histological analysis of testis and ovaries at the end of the vaccination period and by measuring blood plasma sex steroids using radioimmunoassay. We show for the first time in fish that the anti-receptor vaccinations could have specific antagonistic effects on the development of the reproductive functions; while the anti-FSHR affected the sexual maturation of prepubertal males and delayed sperm production, the anti-LHR blocked vitellogenesis in females. In maturing males, the combined anti-FSHR+LHR vaccine inhibited spermatogenesis and affected steroidogenesis. In that case, the effects of the vaccine on spermatogenesis were transient and reversible when immunization was stopped. Such an immunological strategy to specifically and transiently inhibit a receptor provides a promising approach for discovering their specific functions; it could also lead to a new technology for controlling the onset of puberty in aquaculture species

    Active immunization against gonadotropin receptors can impair reproductive function in rainbow trout

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    National audienceThe consequences of immunization against specific regions of gonadotropin receptors were analysed in rainbow trout, on gonadal development and plasma testosterone levels. Males immunized against LHR alone or in combination with FSHR, showed a decrease in mean GSI. related to an inhibition of the spermatogenetic process; females immunized against FSHR or LHR exhibited delayed vitellogenesis. Vaccination against FSHR, and to a less extent against LHR, had a global inhibitory effect on plasma testosterone levels

    DOHaD : conséquences à long terme de la pathologie périnatale

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    The first epidemiological studies showing a link between low birth weight and chronic diseases in adults did not distinguish the origins of low birth weight. A low birth weight may be the result of a premature birth. It can also be caused by an intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A child can be both preterm and IUGR. It is clear now that prematurity is an independent risk factor for programming chronic adult diseases. However, unlike adults born IUGR, adults born prematurely do not have an increased risk to develop metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia or obesity). An increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity and hypertension is found after a premature birth. Mechanisms of chronic diseases programming are multiple: they involve both the cause of prematurity and IUGR such as infection / inflammation or placental insufficiency, but also consequences for therapeutic or nutritional strategies needed to support these children. This chapter describes the possible prevention of perinatal programming of noncommunicable diseases.Les premiĂšres Ă©tudes Ă©pidĂ©miologiques qui montraient un lien entre petit poids de naissance et survenue de maladies chroniques de l’adulte ne distinguaient pas les origines du petit poids de naissance. Un petit poids de naissance peut ĂȘtre le fait d’une naissance prĂ©maturĂ©e. Il peut aussi ĂȘtre secondaire Ă  un ralentissement de la croissance fƓtale appelĂ© retard de croissance intra-utĂ©rin (RCIU). Un enfant peut Ă  la fois ĂȘtre nĂ© prĂ©maturĂ©ment et porteur d’un RCIU. Il apparaĂźt clairement que la grande prĂ©maturitĂ© est un facteur de risque – indĂ©pendant du poids de naissance – de la programmation de maladies chroniques de l’adulte. Cependant, contrairement Ă  ceux qui sont nĂ©s avec un retard de croissance intra-utĂ©rin, les adultes qui sont nĂ©s prĂ©maturĂ©ment n’ont pas une propension accrue de dĂ©velopper un syndrome mĂ©tabolique (dyslipidĂ©mie ou obĂ©sitĂ©). Un risque accru de morbiditĂ© neurodĂ©veloppementale et psychiatrique et d’hypertension artĂ©rielle a, en revanche, Ă©tĂ© bien dĂ©crit chez les individus nĂ©s prĂ©maturĂ©s. Les mĂ©canismes qui associent prĂ©maturitĂ© et retard de croissance intra-utĂ©rin Ă  la survenue plus tardive, au cours de la vie, de pathologies chroniques sont multiples : ils impliquent Ă  la fois la cause de la prĂ©maturitĂ© et du retard de croissance intra-utĂ©rin, telles qu’une infection/inflammation ou une insuffisance placentaire, mais aussi les consĂ©quences des stratĂ©gies thĂ©rapeutiques ou nutritionnelles nĂ©cessaires Ă  la prise en charge de ces enfants. Cette revue dĂ©crit les moyens de prĂ©vention possible de la programmation pĂ©rinatale des maladies chroniques de l’adulte

    Active immunization against gonadotropin receptors can impair reproductive function in rainbow trout

    No full text
    National audienceThe consequences of immunization against specific regions of gonadotropin receptors were analysed in rainbow trout, on gonadal development and plasma testosterone levels. Males immunized against LHR alone or in combination with FSHR, showed a decrease in mean GSI. related to an inhibition of the spermatogenetic process; females immunized against FSHR or LHR exhibited delayed vitellogenesis. Vaccination against FSHR, and to a less extent against LHR, had a global inhibitory effect on plasma testosterone levels

    Acute Exposure to a Precursor of Advanced Glycation End Products Induces a Dual Effect on the Rat Pancreatic Islet Function

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    Aim. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Advanced glycation end products, known as AGEs, are a major risk factor for diabetes onset and maintenance. Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive metabolite of glucose, is a precursor for the generation of endogenous AGEs. Methods. In this current study we incubated in vitro pancreatic islets from adult rats in absence or presence of MG (10 Όmol/l) with different concentrations of glucose and different metabolic components (acetylcholine, epinephrine, potassium, forskolin, and leucine). Results. Different effects of MG on insulin secretion were evidenced. In basal glucose stimulation (5.6 mM), MG induced a significant (P<0.05) increase of insulin secretion. By contrast, in higher glucose concentrations (8.3 mM and 16.7 mM), MG significantly inhibited insulin secretion (P<0.05). In the presence of potassium, forskolin, and epinephrine, MG enhanced insulin secretion (P<0.05), while when it was incubated with acetylcholine and leucine, MG resulted in a decrease of insulin secretion (P<0.05). Conclusion. We suggest that MG modulates the secretion activity of beta-cell depending on its level of stimulation by other metabolic factors. These results provide insights on a dual acute effect of MG on the pancreatic cells

    Acute Exposure to a Precursor of Advanced Glycation End Products Induces a Dual Effect on the Rat Pancreatic Islet Function

    No full text
    Aim. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Advanced glycation end products, known as AGEs, are a major risk factor for diabetes onset and maintenance. Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive metabolite of glucose, is a precursor for the generation of endogenous AGEs. Methods. In this current study we incubated in vitro pancreatic islets from adult rats in absence or presence of MG (10 mol/l) with different concentrations of glucose and different metabolic components (acetylcholine, epinephrine, potassium, forskolin, and leucine). Results. Different effects of MG on insulin secretion were evidenced. In basal glucose stimulation (5.6 mM), MG induced a significant ( &lt; 0.05) increase of insulin secretion. By contrast, in higher glucose concentrations (8.3 mM and 16.7 mM), MG significantly inhibited insulin secretion ( &lt; 0.05). In the presence of potassium, forskolin, and epinephrine, MG enhanced insulin secretion ( &lt; 0.05), while when it was incubated with acetylcholine and leucine, MG resulted in a decrease of insulin secretion ( &lt; 0.05). Conclusion. We suggest that MG modulates the secretion activity of betacell depending on its level of stimulation by other metabolic factors. These results provide insights on a dual acute effect of MG on the pancreatic cells
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