Growth, nitrogen metabolism and carcass composition of goats fed palm oil by-products

Thirty-two Kacang × Boer crossbred male goats were used in a 100-day experiment to assess effects of feeding palm oil decanter cake (DC), palm kernel cake (PKC) and palm oil (PO) on growth, carcass quality and nitrogen metabolism. Goats were assigned randomly to one of four total mixed rations with approximately 16% crude protein on a dry matter basis: control diet (CD), DC diet (DCD), PKC diet (PKCD) and CD plus 5% PO diet (CPOD). The CD was based on corn grain, soybean meal and rice straw and was fed to all goats for 21 days before the start of the experiment. In the last 10 days of the experiment, four animals from each group were placed in metabolic crates for collection of feces and urine. At the end of the experiment, four animals from each treatment were sacrificed after overnight fasting for measurements of carcass quality. Goats fed PKCD had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake compared with other treatments. Daily gain, slaughter weight, and hot and cold carcass weights were higher (P < 0.05) in goats receiving CD and CPOD than in other goats (DCD and PKCD). It was concluded that a high dietary level of DC or PKC (80% of DM) might have an adverse effect on growth performance and carcass quality in goats

Growth performance rumen fermentation and microbial population, carcass characteristic and meat fatty acid composition of goats fed diets based on oil palm kernel cake and decanter cake

Shortage of feed in terms of quantity and quality is one of the most central factors that limit the development of the ruminant livestock industry in many tropical countries, including Malaysia. To overcome such problems, maximizing the use of locally available feed resources could be an alternative approach. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding diets based on palm kernel cake and decanter cake on rumen microbial population, growth performance and meat fatty acid profile of goats. In the first study, sixteen rumen-cannulated Boer X Kacang crossbred goats were used to evaluate the effect of crude palm oil, (PO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) on the rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial population and nutrient digestibility. Goats were fed one of the four concentrate diets (treatments) namely, control diet (CD), decanter cake diet (DCD), palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and CD plus 5% palm oil diet (CPOD). Feeding DCD and PKCD appeared to modify the rumen microbial population,increasing the DNA copy number of total bacteria (P < 0.01) and Ruminococcus albus (P < 0.01). The DNA copy number of Fibrobacter succinogenes was lower (P< 0.05) for the treatment CPOD compared to other treatments. The mean ciliate protozoa numbers were considerably higher for treatment CD (6.2 × 105/ml) than for other treatments (DC, DCD, PKCD and CPOD (2.1 × 105/ml)) and decreased rapidly between day 4 and 6 in goats fed treatments DCD, PKCD and CPOD. Rumen methanogenic archaea was significantly reduced in goats fed PKCD (1.50 × 109/ml) and CPOD (1.32 × 109/ml) compared to that fed CD (2.48 × 109) however, their populations in goats fed DCD (1.96 × 109/ml) and CD were similar. The trend showed a severe reduction after day 4 and 6 of the start of the feeding experimental diets. Ammonia-N concentration in rumen fluid of goats was significantly lower for treatments DCD (35.0 mg/L), PKCD (34.4mg/L) and CPOD (33.9 mg/L) than for treatment CD (49.9 mg/L) and pH was lowest for the treatment DCD (6.1) and highest for treatment PKCD (6.4). Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly lower for treatment PKCD (94.8 mmol/L) and CPOD (94.4 mmol/L) than for treatment CD (98.5 mmol/L) and DCD (98.1 mmol/L). From the results obtained in the first experiment, it was concluded that inclusion of PKC and DC in the diet of goats modified the rumen microbial population by reducing ciliate protozoa and methanogenic archaea; and increasing total bacteria and some species of cellulolytic bacteria. In the second study, 32 Boer x Kacang crossbred male goats were used in a 100-day experiment. Goats were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments namely, control diet (CD), decanter cake diet (DCD), palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) or control diet plus 5% palm oil (CPOD). The objective was to assess the effects of these diets on growth, carcass quality, fatty acid (FA) content of meat and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Daily weight gain was significantly lower in goats fed DCD (89 g/day) and PKCD (89 g/day) compared to those fed CD (136 g/day) and CPOD (141 g/day). Slaughter weight, and hot and cold carcass weights were higher in goats fed CPOD (34.4 kg, 16.7 kg, 16.6 kg, respectively) followed by CD (32.9 kg, 16.5 kg,16.4 kg, respectively), DCD (25.6 kg, 13.3 kg, 13.1 kg, respectively) and PKCD (24.6 kg, 11.5 kg, 11.4 kg, respectively). Nitrogen metabolism was altered in goats received PKCD, where the excretion of N in feaces was the highest (p<0.05) in goats fed PKCD (5.1 g/day) and lowest in those fed CPOD (1.6g/day). Goats fed PKCD had significantly higher C12:0 contents than those fed other diets in all muscles tested. C16:0 and C18:0 were significantly lower in muscles from goats fed CD than those fed other treatments, whereas C18:2 n-6 was highest in the muscles of goats fed CD compared to other diets. Both longissimus dorsi (LD) and infraspinatus (IS) muscles from goats fed CD had relatively lesser total saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportions; however, SFA proportions of the muscle biceps femoris (BF) was similar in all dietary treatments. Additionally, the proportions of total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-6: n-3 ratio and PUFA/SFA were higher in the muscles of goats fed CD than those fed other diets. It was concluded that inclusion of PKC and DC in the diet of goats up to 80% resulted in daily gain of ~90 g/day which is within reported values for goats fed such agri-industrial by-products. However, fatty acid composition of meat might be altered

Effect of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on total bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic archaea in the rumen of goats.

Rumen microorganisms are responsible for digestion and utilization of dietary feeds by host ruminants. Unconventional feed resources could be used as alternatives in tropical areas where feed resources are insufficient in terms of quality and quantity. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of diets based on palm oil (PO), decanter cake (DC) or palm kernel cake (PKC) on rumen total bacteria, selected cellulolytic bacteria, and methanogenic archaea. Four diets: control diet (CD), decanter cake diet (DCD), palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and CD plus 5% PO diet (CPOD) were fed to rumen cannulated goats and rumen samples were collected at the start of the experimental diets (day 0) and on days 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 30 post dietary treatments. Feeding DCD and PKCD resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) DNA copy number of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefeciens, and Ruminococcus albus. Rumen methanogenic archaea was significantly lower (P<0.05) in goats fed PKCD and CPOD and the trend showed a severe reduction on days 4 and 6 post experimental diets. In conclusion, results indicated that feeding DCD and PKC increased the populations of cellulolytic bacteria and decreased the density of methanogenic archaea in the rumen of goats

Effect of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on muscle fatty acid composition in goats.

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on different muscle fatty acid profiles in goats. Thirty-two Cacang × Boer goats were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) control diet (CD), (2) 80% decanter cake diet (DCD), (3) 80% palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and (4) CD plus 5% palm oil (PO) supplemented diet (CPOD). After 100 days of feeding, four goats from each group were slaughtered and longissimus dorsi (LD), infraspinatus (IS) and biceps femoris (BF) were sampled for analysis of fatty acids. Goats fed the PKCD had higher (P<0.05) concentration of lauric acid (C12:0) than those fed the other diets in all the muscles tested. Compared to the other diets, the concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were lower (P<0.05) and that of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) was higher (P<0.05) in the muscles from goats fed the CD. It was concluded that palm kernel cake and decanter cake can be included in the diet of goats up to 80% with more beneficial than detrimental effects on the fatty acid profile of their meat

Effects of feeding whole linseed on ruminal fatty acid composition and microbial population in goats

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of whole linseed, as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), on ruminal fatty acid composition and microbial population in the goat. Twenty-four crossbred Boer goats were assigned to 3 dietary treatments: L0 (control), L10 and L20 containing 0, 10%, or 20% whole linseed, respectively. The ruminal pH and concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not affected by dietary treatments. The feeding of L10 and L20 diets produced higher (P < 0.05) molar proportions of acetate and lower (P < 0.05) molar proportions of butyrate and valerate than the L0 diet. Molar proportions of myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were lower (P < 0.05) in the rumen of goats offered L10 and L20 diets than the control diet. However, stearic acid (C18:0), vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) and α-lenolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) were higher (P < 0.05) in the rumen of goats fed L10 and L20 than L0. Both inclusion levels of linseed in the diet (L10 and L20) reduced the ruminal total bacteria, methanogens, and protozoa compared with L0 (P < 0.05). The effect of the dietary treatments on cellulolytic bacteria, varied between the individual species. Both inclusion levels of linseed resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Rumunococus flavefaciens compared with L0, with no significant difference between the groups fed linseed diets. The population of Rumunococus albus was not affected by the different dietary treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of whole linseed in the diet of goats could increase the concentration of PUFA in the rumen, and decrease the population of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, methanogens and protozoa in rumen liquid of goats

Effect of dietary treatments on the fatty acid composition (g/100g of total fatty acids) of the <i>infraspinatus</i> muscle of goats.

<p>CD, control diet; DCD, decanter cake diet; PKCD, palm kernel cake diet; CPOD, control+ 5% palm oil diet.</p><p>Σ SAF: Total saturated fatty acid = sum of 12:0, 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0.</p><p>Σ MUFA: Total monounsaturated fatty acid = sum of 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 20:1, 24:1.</p><p>Σ <i>n</i>-3: Omega-3 fatty acid = sum of 18:3 n-3, 20:5 n-3, 22:5 n-3, 22:6 n-3.</p><p>Σ <i>n</i>-6: Omega-6 = sum of 18:2 n-6, C20:3 n-6, 20:4 n-6.</p><p><i>n</i>-6/<i>n</i>-3:Σn-6/Σn-3.</p><p>PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid.</p><p>NS not significant (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p><p>*P<0.05</p><p>**P<0.01</p><p>***P<0.001</p><p>SE: standard error.</p><p>^a Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different.</p><p>^b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different.</p><p>Effect of dietary treatments on the fatty acid composition (g/100g of total fatty acids) of the <i>infraspinatus</i> muscle of goats.</p

Table <b>3.</b> Effect of dietary treatments and day of sampling on microbial population (copies/ml) in the rumen of goats.

1<p>CD (control diet), DCD (decanter cake diet), PKCD (palm kernel cake diet) and CPOD (control+5% palm oil diet).</p><p>NS not significant statistically (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p>a,b,c<p>Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

PCR primers for real time-PCR assay.

<p>PCR primers for real time-PCR assay.</p

Effect of dietary treatment on population of <i>R. albus</i> (×10⁶/ml) in the runm of goats at different days of feeding.

<p>CD (control diet), DCD (decanter cake diet), PKCD (palm kernel cake diet) and CPOD (control+5% palm oil diet). Vertical bars are standard error of the mean (SEM).</p