Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of some fluoroquinolone antibiotics in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations

A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of some fluoroquinolonea antibiotics; gemifloxacin mesylate, moxifloxacin hydrochloride and gatifloxacin in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based upon a kinetic investigation of the oxidation reaction of the drugs with alkaline potassium permanganate at room temperature for a fixed time of 20 min for gemifloxacin and 15 min for moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin. The absorbance of the coloured manganate ion was measured at 610 nm. The absorbance–concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges of 2.0-20, 4.0-24 and 4.0-40 µg mL−1 for gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, respectively. The concentrations of the studied drugs were calculated using the corresponding calibration equations for the fixed-time method. The determination of the studied drugs by the fixed concentration and rate constant methods was also feasible with the calibration equations obtained but the fixed time method has been found to be more applicable. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the colors were carefully studied and optimized. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v27i3.

The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years : 2018 revisions

The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) systems for nomenclature of symptoms of normal and abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the reproductive years (FIGO AUB System 1) and for classification of causes of AUB (FIGO AUB System 2; PALM-COEIN) were first published together in 2011. The purpose was to harmonize the definitions of normal and abnormal bleeding symptoms and to classify and subclassify underlying potential causes of AUB in the reproductive years to facilitate research, education, and clinical care. The systems were designed to be flexible and to be periodically reviewed and modified as appropriate