Application of Moringa oleifera seeds and Musa cavendish as coagulants for lead, nickel and cadmium removal from drinking water

Contamination of drinking water sources by heavy metals in many South Asian countries has become a major public health concern. As conventional chemical treatment of the contaminated water may not be feasible for many remote communities in the region due to technical and financial constraints, some low-cost, native and abundantly available natural materials have emerged as a potential alternative to the expensive water treatment chemicals. Plant-based materials 'Moringa oleifera' (MO) and 'Musa cavendish' (MC) were investigated in this study as the coagulants for removing lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) from groundwater containing metal ions at their typical concentrations found in selected South Asian countries. Coagulation tests were conducted with the individual coagulants and their combinations on synthetic and real groundwater samples. The best removal efficiencies for Ni (77%) and Cd (67%) were achieved by the combined coagulants dosed in a mixing manner at the optimum coagulant dosages of 200+200 mg/L from the initial concentration of 31 mug/L and 5 mug/L, respectively. This was attributed to the presence of additional binding sites with different active functional groups, leading to higher removal efficiency compared to the individual coagulant. However, MO alone showed the best removal for Pb (87%) at the coagulant dose of 300 mg/L from the initial concentration of 19 mg/L; suggesting that MO had a good affinity towards Pb. The study demonstrated that MO and MC have the potential to remove Pb, Ni and Cd from drinking water to meet the World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water standards

A Sustainable Approach for Removing Organic Pollutants from Food Processing Effluents Using Unmodified Cocopeat as an Adsorbent

Food production (chips) uses raw materials such as tapioca, cassava, banana, and many more, which contribute to excessive pollutants in the water. Thus, there is a need to treat effluent sufficiently to prevent undesired pollutants from being released into the receiving water bodies, such as rivers and agricultural drainage systems. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cocopeat in removing targeted parameters such as suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) from the chips processing effluent. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum operating parameters, including the adsorbent dosage, contact time, and shaking speed. This was done to identify the best removal rates of SS, COD, NH3-N and TP from effluent food processing samples taken from two different discharge points based on their usages. The experimental results show that at the optimum conditions of pH 7, cocopeat dosages of 800 mg/L, contact time of 30 minutes, and shaking speeds of 200 rpm, the unmodified cocopeat achieved 17.3% and 19.8% of SS removal, 35.5% and 28.9% of COD removal, 40.7% and 30.5% of NH3-N removal, and 53.5% and 59.2% of TP removal, from Point A and Point B effluent, respectively. Besides, the maximum adsorption capacity achieved by unmodified cocopeat towards SS (1.5-14.0 mg/g), COD (16.88-17.75 mg/g), NH3-N (0.31-0.32 mg/g) and TP (1.46-1.50 mg/g) are comparable to the adsorption capacities reported by previous researchers. This finding suggests that cocopeat could potentially replace the commercially developed adsorbents for the treatment. Furthermore, this study gave insights into the feasibility of sustainable treatment using cocopeat as an adsorbent for medium-strength effluent. However, it is suggested that further alteration of the cocopeat characteristics, either by chemical or physical modifications, and its sludge disposal method could be explored further to enhance the treatment performance

Study of Ammonia-Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Parit Rasipan Canal During the Wet Season

The Parit Rasipan Canal's deteriorating water quality and eutrophication are both blamed on ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus. In order to conserve freshwater resources, it is crucial to understand the relationship between land use and water quality. It is also crucial to evaluate how land use affects the pollutants load. In this study, eutrophication along the Parit Rasipan drainage system will be identified, water quality will be investigated in terms of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen concentration and classified according to land use type during the wet season, and ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations will be compared with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). At a specific location along the Parit Rasipan drainage system, samples were taken. The USEPA PhosVer 3 with Acid Persulfate Digestion Procedure (Method 8190) and Nessler's Method (Method 8038) were used, respectively, to measure phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen. Ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus final effluent concentrations ranged from 3.21 mg/L to 5.96 mg/L and 0.36 mg/L to 1.55 mg/L, respectively. The residential area's water, on the other hand, had significant concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which contributed to eutrophication in the wake of industrial, agricultural, and farming activities

Study of Ammonia-Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Parit Rasipan Canal During the Wet Season

The Parit Rasipan Canal's deteriorating water quality and eutrophication are both blamed on ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus. In order to conserve freshwater resources, it is crucial to understand the relationship between land use and water quality. It is also crucial to evaluate how land use affects the pollutants load. In this study, eutrophication along the Parit Rasipan drainage system will be identified, water quality will be investigated in terms of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen concentration and classified according to land use type during the wet season, and ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations will be compared with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). At a specific location along the Parit Rasipan drainage system, samples were taken. The USEPA PhosVer 3 with Acid Persulfate Digestion Procedure (Method 8190) and Nessler's Method (Method 8038) were used, respectively, to measure phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen. Ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus final effluent concentrations ranged from 3.21 mg/L to 5.96 mg/L and 0.36 mg/L to 1.55 mg/L, respectively. The residential area's water, on the other hand, had significant concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which contributed to eutrophication in the wake of industrial, agricultural, and farming activities

Determination of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Soil and Plant Due to Husbandry Farming in Parit Rasipan Drainage System

Nutrient flow into waterways and soils has rapidly causing eutrophication, which causes ecological instability, dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion, extinction of aquatic species, and perhaps public health risks. Therefore, this study focuses on the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in soil and plants in the Parit Rasipan drainage system due to the livestock farming area. The water quality of the drainage system is being monitored. Soil and plant at the study area have been collected by grid sampling method at 4 sampling points on wet and dry seasons for N determination using APHA 4500 NORG-B and PK using US EPA 6010B (ICP OES) methods, respectively. In addition, water quality has been monitored in situ for pH, DO, and temperature by a HI 98192 HANNA multiparameter instrument, while water samples were collected and analyzed for selected parameters including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) using the HACH DR6000 Spectrophotometer and potassium (K) by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results of this study show that the concentrations of TN (3380–6290 mg/kg), TP (450-820 mg / kg) and K (381–931 mg/kg) in the soil are classified as moderate to very high. Due to the high concentration, TN (5270–6870 mg/kg), TP (262-769 mg / kg) and K (10200–16200 mg/kg) concentrations in plants are also high. For water quality monitoring, the data shows (pH 6.1-6.4), (DO 0.8–1.1 mg/L), and (temperature 26.6-29.2˚C) both in wet and dry seasons. The concentrations of TN, TP and K (average ± s.d) concentrations in water during the wet season are (TN 43 ± 1mg/L), (TP 0.4 ± 1mg/L) and (K 3.9 ± 0.2mg/L) while during the dry season are (TN 49 ± 1mg/L), (TP 0.7 ± 1mg/L) and (K 4.2 ± 0.2mg/L). In conclusion, from the analysis of the results, the Parit Rasipan drainage system has a high level of NPK in both the wet and dry seasons due to the livestock activities in the area

Chitosan ultilization in biocomposite adsorbent in Iron (Fe) removal from landfill leachate

: Leachate are very high strength wastewaters that contain a variety of pollutants that pose a serious threat to the environment if appropriate control measure is ignored. Composite adsorbent is an emerging, interesting and attractive alternative to conventional adsorbents and having the ability to act as catalysts due to their high reactivity and excellent selectivity towards specific pollutant compounds. This study investigated the potential of biocomposite adsorbent made from a combination of chitosan, feldspar and zeolite (CFZ) for the treatment of Iron (Fe) from leachate wastewater. Leachate characterization and batch adsorption experiments was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for pH, dosage and contact time parameter in the removal of Fe. The result shows that the concentration of Fe was 15.82 which exceeded the recommended limit. The optimum conditions also occurred at pH 5 with 6 gram of biocomposite dosage and at 180 minutes contact time. The corresponding removal efficiency for Fe is 90% with 0.0127 mg/g uptake capacit

Effects of Solution Matrix on Moringa oleifera Seeds and Banana Peel in Eliminating Heavy Metals, Fluoride and Turbidity from Synthetic groundwater samples

Plant-based biomass has become an environmental-friendly water purification agent in replacing conventional chemicals. In the previous study, Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds and banana peel (BP) have been selected based on their moderate to high effectiveness in removing lead, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, turbidity, and fluoride from synthetic groundwater samples. This study was aimed to investigate further the effects of solution matrix on the biomass effectiveness. Batch experiments were conducted by using coagulation technique and the initial pH of the solutions was controlled to be at pH 7. The results demonstrate that the removal rates for most of the pollutants in multi-contaminant solution were higher compared to the single-contaminant solution. The reason could be due to electrostatic or mutual interactions between contaminants present in the solution thus improved the removal rates of those contaminants. The findings are significantly important to understand the effects and removal behavior of the biomass in different solution matrix

Electrocoagulation using Aluminium and Stainless Steel Electrodes for the Removal of Turbidity, Colour and Suspended Solids from Full-Handwashing Car Wash Wastewater

The increasing demand for carwash services in Malaysia has become one of the contributors to the release of untreated carwash wastewater into water bodies which adversely impact the environment, especially the aquatic life. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in treating turbidity, suspended solids and colour from the carwash wastewater which has been collected from Ijan Car Wash Station in Parit Raja. This treatment has been conducted by using aluminium and stainless steel as the electrodes in a monopolar electrode configuration. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation such as current density, retention time, and initial pH have been determined based on its performance in reducing turbidity, suspended solids, and colour. The range of the tested current density was 27 - 82 A/m2, 10 until 120 minutes electrolysis time and initial pH from 6 to 10. The electrode distance and settling time were kept constant 5 cm and 30 minutes respectively. The result shows that the optimum condition for electrocoagulation process of Al-St electrode pair was determined at the current density of 27 A/m2, electrolysis time of 110 minutes, and the initial pH of 8 which has removal efficiencies of the turbidity, colour and suspended solid of 90.3 %, 88.12 % and 94.27 % respectively. The electrocoagulation process also has the potential to be utilized in removing physical properties of car wash wastewater based on its effective removal, especially turbidity, suspended solids and colour. For the future work, reduces in terms of spacing between electrodes and increase the total working area of electrodes could give more effect for the removal efficiencies

WAKAF KORPORAT JOHOR CORPORATION DAN SUMBANGANNYA DALAM MEMENUHI TANGGUNGJAWAB SOSIAL ISLAM DI MALAYSIA: SATU TINJAUAN

This paper will discuss the role of corporate waqf Johor Corporation (JCorp) and its contribution in fulfilling the Islamic social responsibility in Malaysia. As a government-owned corporations (GLCs), JCorp through its subsidiaries namely Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad (WANCorp) is seen to have its own approach in contributing to society as a Islamic social responsibility in this country. Through waqf, JCorp not only managed to introduce a form of contemporary waqf, known as corporate waqf but was able to implement various welfare programs to the Muslim community through the profit dividend of units of donated exclusively. This study aims to review the extent to which the implementation of corporate waqf JCorp has contributed to the Muslim community as a socially responsible company in the country. To meet this goal, this study used two main research methods namely data collection methods and data analysis methods. The study found that in December 2010, totaling over RM3.6 million has been donated through implementation of waqf with three main programs as welfare and charity, human development, education and entrepreneurship capital, and special projects.The study concludes with several recommendations for improvements to strengthen the implementation of JCorp corporate waqf based on its great contribution to the Muslim community in Malaysia

Adsorption of pollutants from palm oil mill effluent using natural adsorbents: optimization and isotherm studies

Batch adsorption of COD and NH3–N from palm oil mill effluent onto natural adsorbents from activated coconut shells carbon (ACSC), activated cow bones powder (ACBP) and zeolite has been investigated under hydrophobic and hydrophilic conditions. The study also investigates the suitability of the natural adsorbents for the preparation of composite. The result of the investigation revealed that reduction of COD and NH3–N was optimum under hydrophobic condition at ratio (15:25) volumetric dosage of ACSC:ACBP, respectively. This was achieved at 79.8% reduction of COD and 48.2% removal of NH3–N. Similarly, under hydrophilic condition, the reduction of COD and NH3–N was optimum at 35 cm3 at 45.2% reduction of COD and 65.4% removal of NH3–N. Further optimization study under hydrophobic–hydrophilic conditions revealed that the optimum reduction of pollutants was observed at 25:15 cm3 volumetric dosage which was equivalent to 78.2% reduction of COD and 68.5% removal of NH3–N. The composite was prepared at 80:20 adsorbent:binder ratio which was the optimum ratio achieved for the reduction of the investigated parameters under batch study. Equilibrium data fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm for both reductions of COD and NH3–N which indicates that homogeneous adsorption occurred on a monolayer surface. The result of the kinetic uptake reveals that kinetic data fitted better to the pseudo-second order model which suggested that adsorption was by chemisorption. The intraparticle diffusion model indicates that adsorption was not only affected by rate controlling step but also influenced by adsorption along the boundaries