The role of culture in urban travel patterns: Quantitative analyses of urban areas based on hofstede's culture dimensions

Introduction\u2014culture is an interpretation code of societies, which may explain common preferences in a place. Prediction of alternative transport systems, which could be adopted in a city at peace can help urban transport planners and policy makers adjust urban environments in a more sustainable manner. This paper attempts to investigate the role of Hofstede\u2019s culture dimensions (HCD) on urban travel patterns in 87 urban areas and 41 countries. Analysis\u2014this is the \ufb01rst, systematic analysis investigating the e\ufb00ect of culture on urban travel patterns with open source data from di\ufb00erent urban areas around the world. The relationship between HCD and some urban travel patterns such as mode choices (individual transportation and public transportation), car ownership, and infrastructure accessibility (road infrastructure per capita) was demonstrated. In addition, the relationship between culture and some demographic indicators (population density and GDP per capita) closely associated with travel choices are checked. The relations between indicators were identi\ufb01edthroughcorrelationsandregressionmodels,andcalibratedtoquantifytherelationbetween indicators. Results and Conclusions\u2014good correlation values between Hofstede\u2019s fundamental culture dimension: individualism/collectivism (IND/COL) and urban travel patterns were demonstrated with a reasonably good \ufb01t. The analysis showed that countries with higher individualism build more individualistic transport-related environments, which in turn result in more driving. On the other hand, collective nations tend to use more public transportation. There is signi\ufb01cant evidence that, in the case of nations, an increase in tree culture dimensions: collectivism, uncertainty, and masculinity, results in greater usage of public transport

On the coloring of the annihilating-ideal graph of a commutative ring

AbstractSuppose that R is a commutative ring with identity. Let A(R) be the set of all ideals of R with non-zero annihilators. The annihilating-ideal graph of R is defined as the graph AG(R) with the vertex set A(R)∗=A(R)∖{(0)} and two distinct vertices I and J are adjacent if and only if IJ=(0). In Behboodi and Rakeei (2011) [8], it was conjectured that for a reduced ring R with more than two minimal prime ideals, girth(AG(R))=3. Here, we prove that for every (not necessarily reduced) ring R, ω(AG(R))≥|Min(R)|, which shows that the conjecture is true. Also in this paper, we present some results on the clique number and the chromatic number of the annihilating-ideal graph of a commutative ring. Among other results, it is shown that if the chromatic number of the zero-divisor graph is finite, then the chromatic number of the annihilating-ideal graph is finite too. We investigate commutative rings whose annihilating-ideal graphs are bipartite. It is proved that AG(R) is bipartite if and only if AG(R) is triangle-free