State of the production and consumption of pesticides in Mexico

Es un articulo publicado en la revista indexada "Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems" cuyo titulo es "Estado de la producción y consumo de plaguicidas en México" donde mediante un análisis profundo se puede identificar al panorama del consumo de plaguicidas en MEXICO

Fluorescent, Plasmonic, and Radiotherapeutic Properties of the 177Lu–Dendrimer-AuNP–Folate–Bombesin Nanoprobe Located Inside Cancer Cells

The integration of fluorescence and plasmonic properties into one molecule is of importance in developing multifunctional imaging and therapy nanoprobes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the fluorescent properties and the plasmonic–photothermal, therapeutic, and radiotherapeutic potential of 177Lu–dendrimer conjugated to folate and bombesin with gold nanoparticles in the dendritic cavity (177Lu–DenAuNP–folate–bombesin) when it is internalized in T47D breast cancer cells. The intense near-Infrared (NIR) fluorescence emitted at 825 nm from the conjugate inside cells corroborated the usefulness of DenAuNP–folate–bombesin for optical imaging. After laser irradiation, the presence of the nanosystem in cells caused a significant increase in the temperature of the medium (46.8oC, compared to 39.1oC without DenAuNP–folate–bombesin, P < 0.05), resulting in a significant decrease in cell viability (down to 16.51% + 1.52%) due to the 177Lu–DenAuNP–folate–bombesin plasmonic properties. After treatment with 177Lu–DenAuNP–folate–bombesin, the T47D cell viability decreased 90% because of the radiation-absorbed dose (63.16 + 4.20 Gy) delivered inside the cells. The 177Lu–DenAuNP–folate–bombesin nanoprobe internalized in cancer cells exhibited properties suitable for optical imaging, plasmonic–photothermal therapy, and targeted radiotherapy.CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-24244

177Lu-Dendrimer conjugated to folate and bombesin with gold nanoparticles in the dendritic cavity: A potential theranostic radiopharmaceutical

177Lu-labeled nanoparticles conjugated to biomolecules have been proposed as a new class of theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this research was to synthesize 177Lu-dendrimer(PAMAM-G4)-folate-bombesin with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the dendritic cavity and to evaluate the radiopharmaceutical potential for targeted radiotherapy and the simultaneous detection of folate receptors (FRs) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) overexpressed in breast cancer cells. p-SCN-Benzyl-DOTA was conjugated in aqueous-basic medium to the dendrimer.The carboxylate groups of Lys1Lys3(DOTA)-bombesin and folic acid were activatedwithHATUand also conjugated to the dendrimer.The conjugate was mixed with 1%HAuCl4 followed by the addition of NaBH4 and purified by ultrafiltration. Elemental analysis (EDS), particle size distribution (DLS), TEM analysis, UV-Vis, and infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies were performed. The conjugate was radiolabeled using 177LuCl3 or 68GaCl3 and analyzed by radio-HPLC. Studies confirmed the dendrimer functionalization with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Fluorescence results demonstrated that the presence ofAuNPs in the dendritic cavity confers useful photophysical properties to the radiopharmaceutical for optical imaging. Preliminary binding studies in T47D breast cancer cells showed a specific cell uptake (41.15 ± 2.72%). 177Ludendrimer( AuNP)-folate-bombesin may be useful as an optical and nuclear imaging agent for breast tumors overexpressing GRPR and FRs, as well as for targeted radiotherapy.CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-242443 International Atomic Energy Agency (Grant 18358) LaboratorioNacional de Investigaci´on yDesarrollo de Radiof´armacos, CONACy

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of an antiangiogenic cancerspecific dual-targeting 177Lu-Au-nanoradiopharmaceutical

The aim of this research was to synthesize and chemically characterize a cancer-specific 177Lu-Aunanoradiopharmaceutical based on gold nanoparticles (NPs), the nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-Arg-Gly- Asp peptide and an aptamer (HS-pentyl-pegaptanib) to target both the a(v)b(3) integrin and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpressed in the tumor neovasculature, as well as to evaluate by the tube formation assay, the nanosystem capability to inhibit angiogenesis. 177Lu-NP-RGD-NLS-Aptamer was obtained with a radiochemical purity of 99 ± 1%. Complete inhibition of tube formation (angiogenesis) was demonstrated when endothelial cells (EA.hy926), cultured in a 3D-extracellular matrix support, were treated with the developed nanosystem.Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-242443)

A Therapeutic System of 177Lu-labeled Gold Nanoparticles-RGD Internalized in Breast Cancer Cells

The aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro potential of 177 Lu-labeled gold nanoparticles conjugated to cyclo-[RGDfK(C)] peptides ( 177 Lu-AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]) as a plasmonic photothermal therapy and targeted radiotherapy system in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Peptides were conjugated to AuNPs (20 nm) by spontaneous reaction with the thiol group of cysteine (C). After laser irradiation, the pres - ence of c[RGDfK(C)]-AuNP in cells caused a significant increase in the temperature of the medium (50.5 °C, compared to 40.3 °C without AuNPs) resulting in a significant decrease in MCF7 cell viability down to 9 %. After treatment with 177 Lu-AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)], the MCF7 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited

Síntesis y evaluación del radiofármaco 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Gly-Gly-Cys-(a,y)-Folato

El ácido fólico reconoce específicamente al receptor folato (RF) sobreexpresado en carcinomas. Los radiofármacos de folato tienen afinidad por RF pero alta captación renal. La secuencia Gly-Gly-Cys mejora la eliminación renal. El objetivo fue sintetizar el 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Gly-Gly-Cys(α,γ)-Folato y evaluar su potencial in vitro e in vivo para reconocer RF. El conjugado se caracterizó químicamente (UV-Vis, FT- IR , MALDI-TOF) y se radiomarcó con 99mTc . La afinidad in vitro y la biodistribución se evaluaron en células T47D (FR+) y en ratones atímicos con tumores inducidos. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNICGly-Gly-Cys(α,γ)-Folato mostró alta pureza radioquímica (> 94 %) , afinidad por los RF (IC50=0.3nM), rápida eliminación sanguínea, captación tumoral adecuada (2.4 % ID/g a 2h) , y retención renal baja (1.6 % ID/g a 24 h). 99mTc-EDDA/HYNICGly-Gly-Cys(α,γ)-Folato es útil como un agente de imagen para reconocer RF