切欠き材の疲労挙動に及ぼす局所応力比変動の影響

国立大学法人長岡技術科学大

Motor Function and Manual Ability in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Primary Report

Abstract This descriptive study aims to describe the motor type, topographical distribution and motor function of lower limbs, and the manual ability of upper limbs. Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders in the development of movement and posture in the developing brain. This study was carried out during 2015 on 60 CP children. Multiple sources of assessment were used, including medical records of patients at the Physical Medicine Department in 550 Bedded Mandalay Children’s Hospital. Children were grouped according to motor type, topographical pattern, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) scales. During the study period, 60 CP children (29 males and 31 females) aged 4-12 years were observed, with a mean (SD) age of 7.7 (3.7) years. In this study, spastic CP was the most common type (80%) and more specifically, bilateral CP (70%) was more common than unilateral (10%). With respect to the GMFCS classification, level II (30%), and to the MACS classification, level II (38.3%), was the most common. This study is only a hospital based, descriptive study and therefore there are many limitations. We are trying to establish a neuro-clinic, as well as a development clinic, with few resources and man power. This research team is in the first few steps of developing a coordinated, multidisciplinary team to help children with cerebral palsy and developmental delay. The significance of the study results will help to educate the community about the role of early intervention, the earlier the better, for children with cerebral palsy

Challenges to Industrial Water Pricing in Mandalay Region

This paper focuses on major aspects for challenges of industrial water pricing in Mandalay. The situational analysis on water supply system in Mandalay was conducted by questionnaire survey based on literature. In Mandalay, it is categorized by three zones of water resources according to the depth of tube wells which can get enough volume of groundwater. At present condition, there are 12 booster pumping stations, two treatment plants and 33 tube wells for public water supply. However, public water supply does not cover the whole city and industrial water supply is still being lack. Most industries extract vast amount of groundwater and discharge contaminated water into the surface water sources. Infrastructure in water supply, public appreciation for the water value, public-private-partnerships, going green, climate change patterns and impacts, groundwater abstraction, groundwater regulations and industrial water tariff system are studied in Mandalay area. Based on this study, the main challenges concerned with industrial water pricing are identified for Mandalay area

Possible Solutions of Water Pollution Control for Chindwin River and Major Lakes in Monywa

This paper focuses on proposed possible solutions for water pollution control in Chindwin River and major lakes in Monywa. Field investigation and questionnaire survey were conducted to gather information about pollution sources in the previous study. The questionnaire set including eight questions being prepared according to five-point Likert rating scale, had been designed based on guidelines for Tanzania National Environmental Management Council (TNEMC). The responses from the survey were analysed by descriptive analysis, relative importance index (RII) and H statistic test. Water quality assessment on urban river water and lake water were performed. Municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, illegal open dump of solid waste and agricultural waste were identified as major pollution sources of urban river and major lakes in previous study. Therefore, the possible solutions such as decentralized wastewater treatment (constructed wetlands, stabilization pond and bioretention), in-lake treatment techniques, soft engineering techniques and integrated solid waste management are proposed based on literature, secondary academic sources such papers, journals and other sources

Computing Flood Discharge for Daungnay Ungaged Watershed

Abstract: Flood hazard is one of the most harmful natural disasters in the world, and it is significant to obtain information on flood characteristics for disaster mitigation as well as vulnerability assessment. Estimation of runoff for a watershed can be carried out by a number of empirical hydrologic methods. In this study the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method is used to predict runoff depth. SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph (SCS-DUH) is adopted to formulate flood discharge. Arc-GIS software is used to develop Digital Elevation Model and to extract watershed for Daungnay creek. There are 24 sub-basins in this watershed. Each subbasin is modeled with its own parameters. Muskingum Stream Routing method is used to predict the changing magnitude of flood as a function of time at the points along the watercourse for various design return periods. The requisite discharge data for the inundation model is produced from the rainfall-runoff modeling utilizing HEC-Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS)

Host and parasite immunopathogenesis of Malaria

Malaria is a major health problem in various parts of the world especially affecting the tropical countries. It affects the vital organs causing severe complicated malaria. Clinical syndromes like severe cerebral malaria, anaemia, coagulation abnormalities, respiratory distress and severe anaemia can increase the mortality of malaria infected cases. Variation in individual susceptibility and severity and type of clinical presentations of malaria raises the need for Study of both the parasite and host immune reactions as well as the contribution of inflammatory cytokines in malaria pathogenesis. This study explored the immunopathological basis and advances of severe malaria and their importance in pathogenesis of malaria and its complications. Previous and ongoing studies indicate that changes in endothelium during the sequestration of parasites in organs causes disruption of endothelial barrier function leading to serious effects of malaria. Parasite and host factors contribute to disturbance of cytokine regulation and escape of parasites from the immune system of the host. Disturbance of cytokine regulation and escape of parasites from the immune system of the host also contribute to pathogenesis of severe malaria. Immunopathological changes and dysregulation of cytokine production play central role in pathogenesis and disease severity in malaria

Prediction of Storm Surge and Risk Assessment of Rakhine Costal Region

Rakhine coastal region, western coast of Myanmar, is prone to cyclone and storm surge flooding. The probability of cyclone in Rakhine coast is more than those of any other places of Myanmar coast. That’s why, it is very essential to develop storm surge risk maps for Rakhine state. The study area for numerical simulation covers the latitude 14° to 22° N and longitude 89.8° to 98.1° E. Five historical storm surge heights along the coast are determined both by empirical equation and simulated using Delft 3D numerical model coupling with Delft Dashboard and, compared with observed peak surge. Hazard maps of storm surge are developed by modelling three cyclone scenarios for respective recurrence interval. In this study, population data, housing data and livelihood data of Rakhine State during the period of 2010 are adopted for vulnerability analysis. Vulnerable maps for human and social sector, physical infrastructure sector and production sector are developed by using Analytical Hierarchy Process. Finally, risk maps for population, production, infrastructure and livelihood sector of Rakhine State by village tracts are developed by using ArcGIS 10.3

Determination of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in Anogenital Cancers in Myanmar

Molecular and epidemiologic investigations suggest a causal role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in anogenital cancers. This study identified oncogenic HPV genotypes in anogenital cancers among men and women in a 2013 cross-sectional descriptive study in Myanmar. In total, 100 biopsy tissues of histologically confirmed anogenital cancers collected in 2008-2012 were studied, including 30 penile and 9 anal cancers from Yangon General Hospital and 61 vulvar cancers from Central Women's Hospital, Yangon. HPV-DNA testing and genotyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Overall, 34% of anogenital cancers were HPV-positive. HPV was found in 44.4% of anal (4/9), 36.1% of vulvar (22/61), and 26.7% of penile (8/30) cancers. The most frequent genotypes in anal cancers were HPV 16 (75%) and 18 (25%). In vulvar cancers, HPV 33 was most common (40.9%), followed by 16 (31.8%), 31 (22.7%), and 18 (4.6%). In penile cancers, HPV 16 (62.5%) was most common, followed by 33 (25%) and 18 (12.5%). This is the first report of evidencebased oncogenic HPV genotypes in anogenital cancers among men and women in Myanmar. This research provides valuable information for understanding the burden of HPV-associated cancers of the anus, penis, and vulva and considering the effectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccination

A Proposal of Code Completion Problem for Java Programming Learning Assistant System

To enhance Java programming educations in schools, we have developed a Web-based Java Programming Learning Assistant System (JPLAS) that provides a variety of programming assignments to cover different learning stages. For the first stage, JPLAS offers the element fill-in-blank problem where students study the grammar and code reading through filling the blank elements, composed of reserved words, identifiers, and control symbols, in a high-quality code. Unfortunately, it has been observed that students can fill the blanks without reading the code carefully, because the choice is limited for each blank. In this paper, we propose a code completion problem as a generalization of the element fill-in-blank problem. To solve the drawback, it does not explicitly show blank locations in the code, which expects students to carefully read the code to understand the grammar and code structure. The correctness of the answer is verified through string matching of each statement with the filled elements and the corresponding correct one. Besides, to encourage students to study readable code writing, the correct statement satisfies the coding rules including the spaces. For evaluations, we generated six code completion and element fill-in-blank problems respectively, and asked ten students in two universities to solve them. Their solution results show that the code completion problem is much harder than the element fill-in-blank problem, and requires far deeper code reading and understanding of coding rules

Antigen Production of Dengue Type 4 Virus strains in Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 and Vero Cell Cultures

Antigen production of seven dengue type 4 virus strains in Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cells at 28℃ and in Vero cells at 37℃ was studied. These seven strains could roughly be divided into three different entities according to their pattern of antigen production. The first entity of prototype strain (H-241) produced ELISA antigen in vero cells at 37℃, whereas its antigen production was undetectable in C6/36 cells upto day 11 post infection. The second entity, strain No.17 (1978-Sri Lankan strain) revealed the reverse pattern: high antigen titer in C6/36 cells and undetectable titer in vero cells. The remaining five strains belonged to the third entity, in which viral antigen production was found in both cell lines to similar titers