A tale of two towns: A comparative study exploring the possibilities and pitfalls of social capital among people seeking recovery from substance misuse

Background: Social capital has become an influential concept in debating and understanding the modern world. Within the drug and alcohol sector, the concept of ‘recovery capital’ has gained traction with researchers suggesting that people who have access to such capital are better placed to overcome their substance use-related problems than those who do not (Cloud and Granfield, 2008), leading to requests for interventions that focus on building social capital networks (Neale & Stevenson, 2015). While accepting that the concept of social capital has enormous potential for addressing the problems associated with drug use, this paper also considers its ‘dark side’. Methods: Data were drawn from semi-structured interviews with 180 participants including 135 people who use drugs and 45 people who formerly used drugs. Results: High levels of trust, acquired through the establishment of dense social networks, are required to initiate recovery. However, these ‘strong bonds’ may also lead to the emergence of what is perceived by others as an exclusive social network that limits membership to those who qualify and abide by the ‘rules’ of the recovery community, particularly around continuous abstinence. Conclusions: Depending on the nature of the networks and the types of links participants have into them being socially connected can both inhibit and encourage recovery. Therefore, the successful application of social capital within the drugs and alcohol field requires a consideration of not only the presence or absence of social connections but their nature, the value they produce, and the social contexts within which they are developed

FROM APE TO APE-100 - FROM 1 TO 100 GFLOPS IN LATTICE GAUGE-THEORY SIMULATIONS

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Epidemiological methods for research with drug misusers: review of methods for studying prevalence and morbidity Métodos: epidemiológicos para pesquisa com usuários de drogas: revisão de métodos para estudo da prevalência e morbidade

Epidemiological studies of drug misusers have until recently relied on two main forms of sampling: probability and convenience. The former has been used when the aim was simply to estimate the prevalence of the condition and the latter when in depth studies of the characteristics, profiles and behaviour of drug users were required, but each method has its limitations. Probability samples become impracticable when the prevalence of the condition is very low, less than 0.5% for example, or when the condition being studied is a clandestine activity such as illicit drug use. When stratified random samples are used, it may be difficult to obtain a truly representative sample, depending on the quality of the information used to develop the stratification strategy. The main limitation of studies using convenience samples is that the results cannot be generalised to the whole population of drug users due to selection bias and a lack of information concerning the sampling frame. New methods have been developed which aim to overcome some of these difficulties, for example, social network analysis, snowball sampling, capture-recapture techniques, privileged access interviewer method and contact tracing. All these methods have been applied to the study of drug misuse. The various methods are described and examples of their use given, drawn from both the Brazilian and international drug misuse literature.<br>São descritos e discutidos os vários métodos de amostragem, de probabilidade e conveniência para estudos epidemiológicos sobre usuários de drogas, e apresentados exemplos de seu uso, com base na literatura brasileira e internacional. Os estudos epidemiológicos sobre usuários de drogas, realizados até recentemente, têm utilizado duas formas principais de amostragem: a de probabilidade e a de conveniência. A primeira tem sido utilizada quando o objetivo é apenas estimar a prevalência da condição sendo pesquisada e a segunda (conveniência) quando as características, perfis e comportamentos de usuários de drogas são os focos do trabalho. Ambos os métodos têm suas limitações, amostras probabilísticas ficam cada vez mais impraticáveis quando a prevalência de determinada condição é muito baixa, menor do que 0,5% por exemplo, ou quando a condição sendo estudada é uma atividade clandestina, como o uso de drogas ilícitas. Por outro lado, os resultados de amostras de conveniência são limitados porque não podem ser generalizados para a população total de usuários de droga, devido ao viés de seleção e a falta de informações a respeito do "sampling frame". Novos métodos têm sido desenvolvidos para superar essas dificuldades, por exemplo, análise da rede social, técnica de amostragem bola-de-neve (snowball sampling), técnica de captura e recaptura, método utilizando um entrevistador com acesso privilegiado à população-alvo (PAI - Privileged Access Interviewer Method) e técnica de investigação epidemiológica chamada de "contact tracing"