Microbiological and chemical monitoring of Marsala base wine obtained by spontaneous fermentation during large-scale production

The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the natural winemaking on the microbial and chemical composition of Marsala base wine. To this purpose, a large-scale vinification process of Grillo grape cultivar was monitored from harvesting to the final product. Total yeasts (TY) showed a rapid increase after must pressing and reached values almost superimposable to those registered during the conventional winemakings. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were registered at the highest levels simultaneously to yeast growth at the beginning of the process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the species found at the highest concentrations in all samples analysed. Several strains (n= 16) was registered at high levels during the alcoholic fermentation and/or aging of wine; only two of them were detected on the grape surface. Lactobacillus plantarum was the LAB species most frequently isolated during the entire vinification process. Ethanol content was approximately 14% (v/v) at the end of vinification. The value of pH did not greatly vary during the process and the volatile acidity (VA) was detected at low concentrations during the entire transformation. The concentration of malic acid rapidly decreased during the AF; on the other hand, lactic acid showed an irregular trend during the entire process. trans-caffeil tartaric acid was the most abundant hydroxycinnamoyl tartaric acid and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were mainly represented by isoamylic alcohol and isobutanol

2-Benzazepine Nitrones Protect Dopaminergic Neurons against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Toxicity

A number of C-3 spirocyclic 2-benzazepine analogs of a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) were synthesized and tested for their activity in protecting rat brain mitochondria and dopaminergic (DA) neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a toxin inducing destruction of the DA nigrostriatal pathway in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease. The newly synthesized nitrone derivatives were firstly investigated for their activity in decreasing the level of hydroxyl radicals generated during 6-OHDA oxidation, and inhibit lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) in rat brain mitochondria. Most of the studied 2-benzazepine nitrones showed inhibitory potencies in both TBARS and PCC assays at least two magnitude orders higher than that of PBN. The data obtained usefully complemented the known structure–activity relationships. In particular, 5 and 10, bearing C-3 spiro cyclopentyl and tetrahydropyranyl moieties, respectively, at 8 mM concentration proved to be significantly more effective than PBN in protecting cultured DA neurons exposed to 6-OHDA, which alone causes about 45% cell loss in 24 h. In addition, we found that 5 inhibited butyrylcholinesterase with an IC50 value of 16.8 mM, which would enhance its potential as neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration. These findings extend the utility of benzazepine-based PBN analogs in the treatment of age-related free radical-mediated disorders

Creación e implementación de la unidad de gestión de los servicios de saneamiento de la municipalidad distrital de San Jerónimo de Tunan

TesisPrimeramente fue necesario, la identificación de todas las instituciones involucradas en el área de estudio y el funcionamiento teórico ideal de las mismas en materia de gestión. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es determinar la influencia de la creación e implementación de la Unidad de Gestión de los Servicios de Saneamiento en la Municipalidad Distrital de San Jerónimo de Tunan trabajo es contribuir al logro de la sostenibilidad del desempeño de los entes sectoriales de desarrollo, mediante la elaboración de instrumentos para valorar los niveles de gestión institucional de creación, específicamente dentro del sector Agua y saneamiento. Seguidamente se elabora la estructura orgánica, la elaboración de cuadro de asignación presupuestal, para llegar a la elaboración del manual de organización y funciones MOF. El presente estudio se enmarca dentro PLAN NACIONAL DE SANEAMIENTO 2006-2015, integrado por el Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, ente rector del Estado en los asuntos referentes a los servicios de saneamiento, a través del Viceministerio de Construcción y Saneamiento (VMCS) y de la Dirección Nacional de Saneamiento (DNS); las Direcciones Regionales de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento y la Superintendencia Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento, (SUNASS), en su calidad de Ente Regulador

General Characteristics of Potato virus Y (PVY) and Its Impact on Potato Production: An Overview

BGPI : équipe 6Diseases caused by plant viruses can have significant and devastating impacts on many cultivated crops worldwide. The impact of disease caused by a virus depends on the virus species, strains, type of inoculum, host plant characteristics, vector pressure, climatic conditions, trade, changes in agricultural landscape and intensive production practices. Viruses affect plants by causing a large variety of symptoms such as alteration of shape, pigmentation, necrosis on different parts of the plant, thus affecting plant development. In most of the cases, these lead to a decrease in crop yield and quality. There are numerous viruses that affect potato; among them, Potato virus Y is considered to be one of the ten most important plant viruses of crops, because of its worldwide distribution and economic impact. Some PVY isolates are able to cause potato ringspot necrotic disease in infected tubers rendering them unmarketable. Understanding the genetic diversity and molecular biology of PVY is essential to understand its infectious cycle, epidemiology and developing efficient methods of control and management for the virus itself and its vector. In spite of an ever-increasing wealth of data in these topics, several major scientific challenges remain in understanding the molecular nature of the interaction between PVY, its hosts, aphid vector in different environments and the epidemiology of PVY. This and following chapters will present the context and current state of our knowledge for these different topics and attempt to provide some answers to these important questions