1,959 research outputs found
Fully-Unintegrated Parton Distribution and Fragmentation Functions at Perturbative k_T
We define and study the properties of generalized beam functions (BFs) and
fragmenting jet functions (FJFs), which are fully-unintegrated parton
distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs) for
perturbative k_T. We calculate at one loop the coefficients for matching them
onto standard PDFs and FFs, correcting previous results for the BFs in the
literature. Technical subtleties when measuring transverse momentum in
dimensional regularization are clarified, and this enables us to renormalize in
momentum space. Generalized BFs describe the distribution in the full
four-momentum k_mu of a colliding parton taken out of an initial-state hadron,
and therefore characterize the collinear initial-state radiation. We illustrate
their importance through a factorization theorem for pp -> l^+ l^- + 0 jets,
where the transverse momentum of the lepton pair is measured. Generalized FJFs
are relevant for the analysis of semi-inclusive processes where the full
momentum of a hadron, fragmenting from a jet with constrained invariant mass,
is measured. Their significance is shown for the example of e^+ e^- -> dijet+h,
where the perpendicular momentum of the fragmenting hadron with respect to the
thrust axis is measured.Comment: Journal versio
Gauge links for transverse momentum dependent correlators at tree-level
In this paper we discuss the incorporation of gauge links in hadronic matrix
elements that describe the soft hadronic physics in high energy scattering
processes. In this description the matrix elements appear in soft correlators
and they contain non-local combinations of quark and gluon fields. In our
description we go beyond the collinear approach in which case also the
dependence on transverse momenta of partons is taken into consideration. The
non-locality in the transverse direction leads to a complex gauge link
structure for the full process, in which color is entangled, even at
tree-level. We show that at tree-level in a 1-parton unintegrated (1PU)
situation, in which only the transverse momentum of one of the initial state
hadrons is relevant, one can get a factorized expression involving transverse
momentum dependent (TMD) distribution functions. We point out problems at the
level of two initial state hadrons, even for relatively simple processes such
as Drell-Yan scattering.Comment: 25 pages, corrected typos and updated reference
On Glauber modes in Soft-Collinear Effective Theory
Gluon interactions involving spectator partons in collisions at hadronic
machines are investigated. We find a class of examples in which a mode, called
Glauber gluons, must be introduced to the effective theory for consistency.Comment: 19 pages, three figures. Uses JHEP3.cl
The Quark Beam Function at NNLL
In hard collisions at a hadron collider the most appropriate description of
the initial state depends on what is measured in the final state. Parton
distribution functions (PDFs) evolved to the hard collision scale Q are
appropriate for inclusive observables, but not for measurements with a specific
number of hard jets, leptons, and photons. Here the incoming protons are probed
and lose their identity to an incoming jet at a scale \mu_B << Q, and the
initial state is described by universal beam functions. We discuss the
field-theoretic treatment of beam functions, and show that the beam function
has the same RG evolution as the jet function to all orders in perturbation
theory. In contrast to PDF evolution, the beam function evolution does not mix
quarks and gluons and changes the virtuality of the colliding parton at fixed
momentum fraction. At \mu_B, the incoming jet can be described perturbatively,
and we give a detailed derivation of the one-loop matching of the quark beam
function onto quark and gluon PDFs. We compute the associated NLO Wilson
coefficients and explicitly verify the cancellation of IR singularities. As an
application, we give an expression for the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic
order (NNLL) resummed Drell-Yan beam thrust cross section.Comment: 54 pages, 9 figures; v2: notation simplified in a few places, typos
fixed; v3: journal versio
From weak coupling to spinning strings
We identify the gauge theory dual of a spinning string of minimal energy with
spins S_1, S_2 on AdS_5 and charge J on S^5. For this purpose we focus on a
certain set of local operators with two different types of covariant
derivatives acting on complex scalar fields. We analyse the corresponding
nested Bethe equations for the ground states in the limit of large spins. The
auxiliary Bethe roots form certain string configurations in the complex plane,
which enable us to derive integral equations for the leading and sub-leading
contribution to the anomalous dimension. The results can be expressed through
the observables of the sl(2) sub-sector, i.e. the cusp anomaly f(g) and the
virtual scaling function B_L(g), rendering the strong-coupling analysis
straightforward. Furthermore, we also study a particular sub-class of these
operators specialising to a scaling limit with finite values of the second spin
at weak and strong coupling.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures, minor changes, references adde
Soft-Gluon-Pole Contribution in Single Transverse-Spin Asymmetries of Drell-Yan Processes
We use multi-parton states to examine the leading order collinear
factorization of single transverse-spin asymmetries in Drell-Yan processes.
Twist-3 operators are involved in the factorization. We find that the so-called
soft-gluon-pole contribution in the factorization must exist in order to make
the factorization correct. This contribution comes from the corresponding
cross-section at one-loop, while the hard-pole contribution in the
factorization comes from the cross-section at tree-level. Although the two
contributions come from results at different orders, their perturbative
coefficient functions in the factorization are at the same order. This is in
contrast to factorizations only involving twist-2 operators. The
soft-gluon-pole contribution found in this work is in agreement with that
derived in a different way. For the hard-pole contributions we find an extra
contribution from an extra parton process contributing to the asymmetries. We
also solve a part of discrepancy in evolutions of the twist-3 operator. The
method presented here for analyzing the factorization can be generalized to
other processes and can be easily used for studying factorizations at higher
orders, because the involved calculations are of standard scattering
amplitudes.Comment: typos eliminated. Published in JHEP 1104:062,201
Renormalisation of heavy-light light ray operators
We calculate the renormalisation of different light ray operators with one
light degree of freedom and a static heavy quark. Both - and
-kernels are considered. A comparison with the light-light case suggests
that the mixing with three-particle operators is solely governed by the light
degrees of freedom. Additionally we show that conformal symmetry is already
broken at the level of the one loop counterterms due to the additional
UV-renormalisation of a cusp in the two contributing Wilson-lines. This general
feature can be used to fix the -renormalisation kernels up to a
constant. Some examples for applications of our results are given.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures; v2: changed some wording, added a few references
and one appendix concerning some subtleties related to gauge fixing and ghost
terms; v3: clarified calculation in section 3.2., added an explicit
calculation in section 5.2, corrected a few typos and one figure, added a few
comments, results unchanged, except for typesetting matches version to appear
in JHE
A Formalism for the Systematic Treatment of Rapidity Logarithms in Quantum Field Theory
Many observables in QCD rely upon the resummation of perturbation theory to
retain predictive power. Resummation follows after one factorizes the cross
section into the rele- vant modes. The class of observables which are sensitive
to soft recoil effects are particularly challenging to factorize and resum
since they involve rapidity logarithms. In this paper we will present a
formalism which allows one to factorize and resum the perturbative series for
such observables in a systematic fashion through the notion of a "rapidity
renormalization group". That is, a Collin-Soper like equation is realized as a
renormalization group equation, but has a more universal applicability to
observables beyond the traditional transverse momentum dependent parton
distribution functions (TMDPDFs) and the Sudakov form factor. This formalism
has the feature that it allows one to track the (non-standard) scheme
dependence which is inherent in any scenario where one performs a resummation
of rapidity divergences. We present a pedagogical introduction to the formalism
by applying it to the well-known massive Sudakov form factor. The formalism is
then used to study observables of current interest. A factorization theorem for
the transverse momentum distribution of Higgs production is presented along
with the result for the resummed cross section at NLL. Our formalism allows one
to define gauge invariant TMDPDFs which are independent of both the hard
scattering amplitude and the soft function, i.e. they are uni- versal. We
present details of the factorization and resummation of the jet broadening
cross section including a renormalization in pT space. We furthermore show how
to regulate and renormalize exclusive processes which are plagued by endpoint
singularities in such a way as to allow for a consistent resummation.Comment: Typos in Appendix C corrected, as well as a typo in eq. 5.6
An effective theory for jet propagation in dense QCD matter: jet broadening and medium-induced bremsstrahlung
Two effects, jet broadening and gluon bremsstrahlung induced by the
propagation of a highly energetic quark in dense QCD matter, are reconsidered
from effective theory point of view. We modify the standard Soft Collinear
Effective Theory (SCET) Lagrangian to include Glauber modes, which are needed
to implement the interactions between the medium and the collinear fields. We
derive the Feynman rules for this Lagrangian and show that it is invariant
under soft and collinear gauge transformations. We find that the newly
constructed theory SCET recovers exactly the general result for the
transverse momentum broadening of jets. In the limit where the radiated gluons
are significantly less energetic than the parent quark, we obtain a jet
energy-loss kernel identical to the one discussed in the reaction operator
approach to parton propagation in matter. In the framework of SCET we
present results for the fully-differential bremsstrahlung spectrum for both the
incoherent and the Landau-Pomeranchunk-Migdal suppressed regimes beyond the
soft-gluon approximation. Gauge invariance of the physics results is
demonstrated explicitly by performing the calculations in both the light-cone
and covariant gauges. We also show how the process-dependent
medium-induced radiative corrections factorize from the jet production cross
section on the example of the quark jets considered here.Comment: 52 pages, 15 pdf figures, as published in JHE
The COL5A1 gene and musculoskeletal soft-tissue injuries
Background. It has been shown that there is an association between various genetic variants and Achilles tendon injuries as well as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures. Among other variants the BstUI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) within the COL5A1 gene has been shown to be over-represented in asymptomatic participants when compared with those with chronic Achilles tendinopathy, and in asymptomatic female participants when compared with those with ACL ruptures. The male asymptomatic control participants in the ACL study, which were 10 years younger than previously investigated cohorts, had a distinctly different genotype frequency. Aim. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether the distribution of the COL5A1 BstUI RFLP in the combined asymptomatic participants without any known history of tendon injuries is age dependent, particularly among males. Results. When the 265 male asymptomatic participants from all studies were pooled and divided into age-group tertiles, there was a significant linear increase in the CC genotype frequency (p=0.032) among the male age groups, with the youngest group having the lowest frequency (CC genotype frequency, 13%) and the oldest group having the highest (CC genotype frequency, 27%) frequency. There was however a similar CC genotype content in all three female (N=231) age groups (CC genotype frequency, 24 - 27%; p=0.795). Conclusion. The practical implication is that the selection of asymptomatic groups is of critical importance when future studies of this nature are designed. Future research investigating this genetic variant as a risk factor for soft-tissue injuries should consider these findings when selecting asymptomatic participants
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