THE FIRST SEMESTER SUMMATIVE TEST ON READING COMPREHENSION FOR THE THIRD YEAR STUDENTS AT SLTP PGRI 01 KARANGPLOSO IN 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the quality of the summative test for the third year students on reading comprehension. The result of this study can be used by English teachers to improve the quality of the summative test. This study was conducted to answer the problems whether the quality of the summative test of the third year students is valid, reliable, practical, and have moderate on its level of difficulty? This study is descriptive qualitative because it describes the quality of the summative test of SLTP PGRI 01 Karangploso in 2003 which deals on its validity, reliability, practicality, and the moderate level of difficulty. The object of this study is the first semester summative test on reading comprehension of the third year students at SLTP PGRI 01 Karangploso in 2003. The data were obtained from the first semester of the third year students’ scores. Because the data are credential, the English teacher from SLTP PGRI 01 Karangploso only gave the writer a very limited data that is only one class. The writer analyzed the data by taking the result of the students’ tests as the document to administer the samples. After that she grouped the students’ scores to get the upper and lower group. The last is analyzing the summative test validity, reliability, practicality, level of difficulty, and the discrimination power. Based on the result on analysis the test is considered valid, reliable, practical. But some are rejected and some should be revised because they are too difficult. In the analysis level of difficulty the writer found out that 6 items should be revised and 8 items are rejected. Besides, the analysis of discrimination power found out that 4 items should be revised and 7 items are rejected. From the analysis above the writer assumed that the number of the test items appropriately used by the English teacher are five items out of 18 items

Two Theorems in List Decoding

We prove the following results concerning the list decoding of error-correcting codes: (i) We show that for \textit{any} code with a relative distance of $\delta$ (over a large enough alphabet), the following result holds for \textit{random errors}: With high probability, for a \rho\le \delta -\eps fraction of random errors (for any \eps>0), the received word will have only the transmitted codeword in a Hamming ball of radius $\rho$ around it. Thus, for random errors, one can correct twice the number of errors uniquely correctable from worst-case errors for any code. A variant of our result also gives a simple algorithm to decode Reed-Solomon codes from random errors that, to the best of our knowledge, runs faster than known algorithms for certain ranges of parameters. (ii) We show that concatenated codes can achieve the list decoding capacity for erasures. A similar result for worst-case errors was proven by Guruswami and Rudra (SODA 08), although their result does not directly imply our result. Our results show that a subset of the random ensemble of codes considered by Guruswami and Rudra also achieve the list decoding capacity for erasures. Our proofs employ simple counting and probabilistic arguments.Comment: 19 pages, 0 figure

Warming up D3 brane motion in the background of D5 brane and Inflation

The position of a mobile D-3 brane moving towards a stack of localized D-5 branes has been studied as a candidate driving inflation in the warm inflationary scenario. We compare the results obtained by considering the dissipation parameter $\Gamma$ as an arbitrary function of only the inflaton field and a particular form derived by Bastro-Gil et al \cite{Berera8}. We find that the observables remain well within the recent observational constraint for a wide range of model parameters for the first case whereas the spectral index in the later case is always predicted blue, other cosmological observables remaining well within bound for a wider range of parameters though. We also discuss the non-gaussianity generated during inflation in this model.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. A new section has been incorporate