The Evaluation of Patients with Tuberculosis Treated in Batman Tuberculosis Control Dispensary in 2003 Year

Tuberculosis is a very important problem for public health all around the world. In this study, 168 patients with TB who were treated in Batman Tuberculosis Control Dispensary in 2003 were retrospectively assessed. Ninety six of our cases were male, 72 were female. Eighty one patients who underwent for the tuberculous treatment were with pulmonary tuberculosis and 87 cases were with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) at sputum was positive in 66.17% of the cavitary pulmonary TB cases before treatment and only one patient’s sputum was positive in pulmonary tuberculosis without cavity. Results of the tuberculosis treatment of cases revealed that one case left the treatment, 3 patients were inharmonious, 3 patients were dead, 161 patients were cured. Success rate of treatment was 95,83% (5 of these cases were cured and 156 patients completed the treatment). These data suggest that in order to increase the rate of the cure, bacteriological examination of the sputum should be considered at the end of the treatment like as the beginning

The next step of the word problem over monoids

It is known that a group presentation P can be regarded as a 2-complex with a single 0-cell. Thus we can consider a 3-complex with a single 0-cell which is known as a 3-presentation. Similarly, we can also consider 3-presentations for monoids. In this paper, by using spher- ical monoid pictures, we show that there exists a finite 3-monoid-presentation which has unsolvable ‘‘generalized identity problem’’ that can be thought as the next step (or one- dimension higher) of the word problem for monoids. We note that the method used in this paper has chemical and physical applications

Okul Öncesi Çocuk Gelişiminde Yaratıcı Dramanın Katkıları / Contributions Of Creative Drama In Preschool Child Development

Toplumların sosyal yaşam düzeylerinin artması için huzurlu, kendine güvenen, sorumluluk sahibi bireylere sahip olmaları önemlidir. Bu amaca ulaşabilmek için de geleceğimizin teminatı olan çocukların öğrenme sürecine daha aktif olarak katılımlarını sağlamak gerekmektedir. Öğrenme sürecinde çocukları daha etkin hale getirmek için alternatif farklı öğrenme yaklaşımlarına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu yaklaşımlardan birisi de öğrenciyi eğitimin birebir merkezine alan drama yöntemidir. Drama bilişsel, duyuşsal ve psikomotor tüm gelişim alanları destekleyen, öğrenme sürecini eğlenceli hâle getiren bir yaklaşımdır. Çocukların sağlıklı bir birey olma yolunda temel bilgi ve becerilerini kazandığı yaşamın ilk yılları çocuk gelişimi açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Araştırma, tarama modelinde betimsel bir çalışmadır. Bu çalışmada ilgili alan yazın taranarak çocuk gelişiminde dramanın katkıları ele alınmıştır. Dramanın; çocukların bilişsel, psikomotor, sosyal, duygusal ve dil gelişimlerine katkısı incelenmiştir. It is important for societies to have peaceful, self-confident and responsible individuals to increase their social life levels. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to ensure that the children who are the guarantor of our future participate more actively in the learning process. Alternative learning approaches are needed to make children more effective in the learning process. One of these approaches is the drama method. Drama is a cognitive, affective and psycho-motorized approach that supports all areas of development, making the learning process fun. In this study, the role of drama is examined in child development. The first years of life in which children acquire basic knowledge and skills towards becoming a healthy individual are of great importance in terms of child development. The research is a descriptive study. In this study, the contribution of drama in children's development has been discussed. The contribution of drama has been discussed effects on children cognitive, psychomotor, social, emotional and language developments

Hepatotoxicity During the Antituberculosis Treatment

The most common side effect of antituberculous treatment is hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of toxic hepatitis and some risk factors for the development of toxic hepatitis during antituberculosis treatment. Records of 212 patients diagnosed as smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed retrospectively. In 30 of 212 cases (14.1%) hepatotoxicity was developed. In 16 of 30 patients it was toxic hepatitis (7.5%) and the treatment was interrupted. In our study, in 6 of 151 male patients (4%) and in 10 of 61 female patients (16.4%) toxic hepatitis was seen, and it was significantly higher in females than males (p:0.002). Hepatotoxicity was seen during the first two weeks of the treatment in all of the patients. Although serum transaminase levels was reached above five times of the normal levels, we didn’t interrupt the therapy in two asymptomatic cases and by the follow up the enzyme levels returned to normal. Regarding the age, radiologic appearence and cavitary lesions on chest x-ray, there was not significant differences between patients who did or did not have toxic hepatitis. In conclusion, hepatotoxicity usually develops in the first two weeks of the treatment. We think that in the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis, symptoms of patients and progressive increasing tendency of serum transaminase levels during the follow up are more important than the only one high serum transaminase level