Re-engagement among white retired urban and rural men

This study was concerned with re-engagement--an increase in social interaction after retirement--as one possible adjustment to aging. Fifty-eight white retired men of three classes (upper-middle, middle-middle, and lower-middle) and two geographical locations (rural and urban) were interviewed to determine their social interaction in the year prior to retirement (pre-retirement), the year subsequent to retirement (post-retirement), and in the year interviewed (current). The theoretical background came from Cumming and Henry's disengagement theory which proposes decreasing social involvement as one ages. Retirement for men, and widowhood for women are seen as the initial social impetus for disengagement. No statistically significant class or location differences were found, using the role count means as the general measure of re-engagement. Increased interaction occurred in the post-retirement period among the urban, upper-middle class, and lower-middle class subsamples. This increased interaction was due to more socializing with relatives, neighbors, and specific people, e.g., sales clerks

Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids

Proceedings of the Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference 2016

The emergence of pandemic retroviral infection in small ruminant