12 research outputs found
Prevalence of Malaria and Anaemia among HIV Infected Pregnant women Receiving Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis in Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study in Kinondoni Municipality.
HIV-infected pregnant women are particularly more susceptible to the deleterious effects of malaria infection particularly anaemia. In order to prevent opportunistic infections and malaria, a policy of daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis without the standard Suphadoxine-Pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment (SP-IPT) was introduced to all HIV infected pregnant women in the year 2011. However, there is limited information about the effectiveness of this policy. This was a cross sectional study conducted among HIV-infected pregnant women receiving co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in eight public health facilities in Kinondoni Municipality from February to April 2013. Blood was tested for malaria infection and anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dl). Data were collected on the adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and other risk factors for malaria infection and anaemia. Pearson chi-square test, Fischer's exact test and multivariate logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis. This study enrolled 420 HIV infected pregnant women. The prevalence of malaria infection was 4.5%, while that of anaemia was 54%. The proportion of subjects with poor adherence to co-trimoxazole was 50.5%. As compared to HIV infected pregnant women with good adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, the poor adherents were more likely to have a malaria infection (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 6.81, 95%CI = 1.35-34.43, P = 0.02) or anaemia (AOR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.03-2.98, P = 0.039). Other risk factors associated with anaemia were advanced WHO clinical stages, current malaria infection and history of episodes of malaria illness during the index pregnancy. The prevalence of malaria was low; however, a significant proportion of subjects had anaemia. Good adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis was associated with reduction of both malaria infection and anaemia among HIV infected pregnant women
Abdominal muscle fatigue following exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a restriction on maximum ventilatory capacity contributes to exercise limitation. It has been demonstrated that the diaphragm in COPD is relatively protected from fatigue during exercise. Because of expiratory flow limitation the abdominal muscles are activated early during exercise in COPD. This adds significantly to the work of breathing and may therefore contribute to exercise limitation. In healthy subjects, prior expiratory muscle fatigue has been shown itself to contribute to the development of quadriceps fatigue. It is not known whether fatigue of the abdominal muscles occurs during exercise in COPD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twitch gastric pressure (TwT10Pga), elicited by magnetic stimulation over the 10<sup>th </sup>thoracic vertebra and twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (TwPdi), elicited by bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation were measured before and after symptom-limited, incremental cycle ergometry in patients with COPD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-three COPD patients, with a mean (SD) FEV<sub>1 </sub>40.8(23.1)% predicted, achieved a mean peak workload of 53.5(15.9) W. Following exercise, TwT<sub>10</sub>Pga fell from 51.3(27.1) cmH<sub>2</sub>O to 47.4(25.2) cmH<sub>2</sub>O (p = 0.011). TwPdi did not change significantly; pre 17.0(6.4) cmH<sub>2</sub>O post 17.5(5.9) cmH<sub>2</sub>O (p = 0.7). Fatiguers, defined as having a fall TwT10Pga ≥ 10% had significantly worse lung gas transfer, but did not differ in other exercise parameters.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In patients with COPD, abdominal muscle but not diaphragm fatigue develops following symptom limited incremental cycle ergometry. Further work is needed to establish whether abdominal muscle fatigue is relevant to exercise limitation in COPD, perhaps indirectly through an effect on quadriceps fatigability.</p
Durability of Olyset campaign nets distributed between 2009 and 2011 in eight districts of Tanzania
Activity of amine-stannous fluoride combination and chlorhexidine against some aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria
Interfacial Properties of β-Lactoglobulin at the Oil/Water Interface: Influence of Starch Conversion Products with Varying Dextrose Equivalents
Pre-Exercise Hyperpnea Attenuates Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Without Affecting Performance
An experimental study of SO2 reactions with silicate glasses and supercooled melts in the system anorthite–diopside–albite at high temperature
Induction and maintenance of protective CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages: implications for vaccine development
CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages represent a major protective
immune mechanism against infection. Following induction in the
peripheral lymph nodes by dendritic cells (DCs), these CD8+ T cells
migrate to the liver and eliminate parasite infected hepatocytes. The
processing and presentation of sporozoite antigen requires TAP mediated
transport of major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes to the
endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, in DCs this process is also
dependent on endosome-mediated cross presentation while this mechanism
is not required for epitope presentation on hepatocytes. Protective
CD8+ T cell responses are strongly dependent on the presence of CD4+ T
cells and the capacity of sporozoite antigen to persist for a prolonged
period of time. While human trials with subunit vaccines capable of
inducing antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses have yielded encouraging
results, an effective anti-malaria vaccine will likely require vaccine
constructs designed to induce protective CD8+ T cells against malaria
liver stages