PEMBANGUNAN PROTOTYPE APLIKASI CONTACTLESS SMART CARD SEBAGAI KARTU LANGGANAN BUS TRANSJAKARTA

ABSTRAKSI: Pada umumnya pembelian tiket bus Transjakarta dilakukan dengan menggunakan uang tunai di halte-halte bus Transjakarta. Hal ini menyebabkan pelanggan Transjakarta harus menyediakan uang tunai tersendiri untuk menaiki alat transportasi tersebut.Perkembangan teknologi Smart Card diawali dengan adanya kebutuhan transaksi keuangan yang aman, mudah dan cepat, serta sulit dipalsukan. Pengembangan aplikasi card lain digunakan untuk pembayaran telepon kartu, akses kontrol identitas personil dan lain-lain. Smart Card dapat digunakan dalam beberapa aplikasi, karena kemampuan smart card dapat diprogram berdasarkan ketersediaan kapasitas memori. Aplikasi smart card secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi 3 kategori yaitu data carrier (pembawa data), identification (identifikasi) dan financial (keuangan). Salah satu pengembangan aplikasi smart card adalah sebagai kartu pembayaran. Dengan mengintegrasikan pemakaian Personal Computer (PC), Card Reader dan Smart Card dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic 6.0 dan pengolahan database menggunakan MySQL 5.0 maka dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pembayaran tiket bus yang ada saat ini.Dengan pembangunan aplikasi contactless smart card sebagai kartu langganan sangat efektif untuk diterapkan karena memiliki berbagai kelebihan diantaranya adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan dalam sebuah transaksi lebih singkat dan manajemen yang lebih baik dari sistem pembayaran sebelumnya.Kata Kunci : contactless smart card, kartu langganan bus transjakarta (busway)ABSTRACT: In general, buying ticket of Transjakarta bus (busway) is performed by cash in the bus stations. In this procedure, customers should provide their cash for using the transportation.Smart card technology was triggered by high demand of secure, easy, fast financial transactions. Other applications of smart card are card telephone payment, control access, personal identity, etc. A smart card can be used for some applications simultaneously since it has some memories to be stored by some different data from the applications. Applications of smart card, in general, can be separated in three categories: data carrier, identification, and financial. One interesting smart card application is as a payment card. By integrating a Personal Computer (PC), a card reader, a contactless smart card, Visual Basic 6.0 and MySQL database, a payment application can be developed as an alternative Transjakarta (busway) bus ticketing system.Application of contactless smart card as a payment card in Transjakarta (busway) is very effective since a transaction needs shorter time and easier management rather than conventional payment.Keyword: contactless smart card, kartu langganan bus transjakarta (busway

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND FRACTION OF AURICULARIA AURICULAR ON CANDIDA ALBICANS, MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM, AND ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS

Objective: Indonesia with high humidity and rainfall strongly supports the growth of fungi. The incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Several factors including microbiological resistance led to the failure of antifungal therapy. This research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of extract and fraction of Auricularia auricula against the test fungus.Methods: Antifungal activity was performed by microdilution method using extract and n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, methanol, and water fraction of A. auricula. MIC was determined by observing the turbidity compared with the control solution. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined by the presence of fungi colonies growth on medium after incubation for 24 h.Results: The fractions of A. auricular have antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml; Microsporum gypseum with MIC 256 μg/ml in the extract; MIC 512 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml of ethyl acetate fraction; MIC 256 μg/ml and MFC 512 μg/ml in n-hexane fraction; and Aspergillus flavus with MIC 2048 μg/ml and MFC 2048 μg/ml in the extract and ethyl acetate fraction. The most potent activity on C. albicans was exhibited by ethyl acetate fraction with MIC and MFC 512 μg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the structure of fungi cells after contact with the test solution.Conclusion: The best antifungal activity of A. auricula was ethyl acetate fraction against C. albicans

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF KOMBUCHA TEA AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC FUNGI

Objective: In general, infectious diseases still known as a major contributor to the number of morbidity and mortality in the worldwide besideother diseases. Infections are ordinarily caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Several human pathogenic fungi involving Aspergillus flavus, Candidaalbicans, and Microsporum gypseum have responsible against infectious diseases. The objective of the research was to evaluate the antifungal activityof kombucha tea against human pathogenic fungi such as A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum.Methods: The antifungal activity of the kombucha tea against A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum were tested by disc diffusion method with durationof fermentation in 6, 12, and 18 days.Results: Based on the present study, inhibitory diameter of A. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum are 16.83, 15.36, and 25.06 mm, respectively. Theinhibitory diameter was obtained from kombucha tea activity with duration of fermentation in 6 days.Conclusion: The results provide support for the use of kombucha tea as a potential antifungal source against human pathogenic fungi involvingA. flavus, C. albicans, and M. gypseum.Keywords: Antifungal, Kombucha tea, Pathogenic, Fungi

Aktivitas Inhibisi Enzim Alfa-glukosidase dari Ekstrak Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) secara In vitro

Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit kelainan metabolik yang ditandai dengan kondisi hiperglikemia.Salah satu obat yang dapat digunakan untuk menangani diabetes mellitus, khususnya untuk diabetesmellitus tipe II adalah akarbosa. Akarbosa dapat digunakan pada pasien dengan kadar gula post-prandialyang tinggi. Akarbosa bekerja dengan mekanisme menghambat aktivitas enzim alfa-glukosidase di dalamusus. Penghambatan yang terjadi pada enzim alfa-glukosidase menyebabkan penundaan absorpsi dan digestiglukosa. Maka, kenaikan kadar gula post-prandial dapat dicegah. Namun, penggunaan obat sintetik antidiabetesseperti akarbosa dalam jangka waktu panjang dapat memberikan beberapa efek samping, khususnyagangguan pada sistem saluran pencernaan. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan obat bahan alam sebagai terapialternatif dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan. Salah satu tanaman di Indonesia yang memiliki potensisecara empiris sebagai antidiabetes adalah bangle (Zingiber cassumunar). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengujiaktivitas penghambatan terhadap enzim alfa-glukosidase dari ekstrak etanol rimpang bangle. Hasil IC50yang didapatkan dari uji aktivitas penghambatan enzim alfa-glukosidase adalah 98,31 μg/ml. IC50 akarbosasebagai pembanding adalah 36,17 μg/ml. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapatkan, dapat disimpulkanbahwa ekstrak etanol rimpang bangle memiliki potensi yang sangat baik untuk dikembangkan dan dipertimbangkanlebih lanjut sebagai kandidat obat antidiabetes, khususnya untuk mengobati diabetes mellitus tipe II

KUMIS KUCING (ORTHOSIPHON STAMINEUS [BENTH.]) LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACT AS ANTI‑OBESITY AGENT IN HIGH‑FAT DIET‑INDUCED OBESE MICE

Objective: The leaves of kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus [Benth.]) are used as folk medicine for lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension,hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus in Southeast Asia countries, especially Indonesia. Obesity is closely associated with lifestyle-related disease.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of kumis kucing leaves ethanol extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, and its ability toinhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme activity in vitro.Methods: Obese mice groups were fed a high-fat diet for 30 days and treated with kumis kucing leaves ethanol extract for 2 weeks. The measurementparameter includes body weight, organ weight, and visceral fat mass. Experiments were also carried out to clarify the effect of kumis kucing leavesethanol extract inhibited pancreatic lipase enzyme activity in vitro.Results: Kumis kucing-treated groups showed a significant decrease in body weight, organ weight, and visceral fat mass after 2 weeks treatmentcompared with untreated groups. Furthermore, kumis kucing leaves ethanol extract showed potency as the pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor in vitro.Conclusion: Kumis kucing leaves ethanol extract can inhibit the development of obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The effect appearsmediated by inhibiting the pancreatic lipase activity. The results from this study suggested that the kumis kucing leaves may have a considerableimpact as potential anti-obesity agents.Keywords: Kumis kucing, Extract, Obesity, High-fat diet

ANTIOXIDANT AND GASTRIC ULCER HEALING EFFECT OF ORTHOSIPHONSTAMINEUS (BENTH.) LEAVES EXTRACT IN ASPIRIN-INDUCED RATS

Objective: In the gastrointestinal system, gastric ulcer is one of the common serious problems in human life and gives contribution against morbidity and mortality incidence. The pathophysiology of gastric ulcer is an imbalance between aggressive factor and mucosal integrity factor. Increase of aggressive factors and decrease of mucosal integrity factors have potential against developed of gastric ulcer disease. The objective of the research was to evaluate antioxidant and gastric ulcer healing effect of Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) leaves extract in aspirin-induced rats.Methods: In vivo antiulcer activity of Orthosiphon leaves extract was evaluated through several parameters involves gastric acidity, number of ulcers, diameters of ulcers, ulcer index (UI), and healing ratio. Dose level of Orthosiphon leaves extract which used in this study such as 250 and500 mg/kg, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Orthosiphon leaves extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) method. Histopathological of the stomach was performed using hematoxylin-eosin stained.Results: The results of the study showed that groups which given Orthosiphon leaves extract have significantly different for gastric ulcer healing compared to the control group and were supported by histopathological analysis. The Orthosiphon leaves extract also showed maximum scavengingactivity at a concentration of 100 µg/ml (58.86% inhibition) and minimum at 50 μg/ml (29.60% inhibition) with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC  )50 84.54 µg/ml when compared to ascorbic acid as the standard with IC5.08 µg/ml by DPPH method.Conclusion: It can be concluded that from the experimental study of O. stamineus (Benth.) leaves extract has potential antiulcer activity in aspirin- induced rats model and antioxidant effect using DPPH method. Stomach tissues regeneration in gastric ulcer model might be affected by the improvement of antioxidant status.Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.), Extract, Ulcer, Aspirin, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate

Antihypertension Activity of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Juice on Sodium Chloride and Prednisone-Induced Rats

Hypertension is a condition where systolic and diastolic blood pressure continuously increases, causing heart disease, kidney disease, hardening of the arteries, eye damage, and stroke (brain damage). Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is traditionally used to lowering high blood pressure. The research objective was evaluating the activity of A. bilimbi as an antihypertensive. The research was conducted in vivo using rats and the CODA blood pressure analysis instrument. The doses used for A. bilimbi juice were 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. A. bilimbi juice at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW/day for 14 days can reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in male Wistar rats induced by 2.5% NaCl and 1.5 mg/kg BW prednisone. The results of the study showed that A. bilimbi juice at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW. had antihypertensive activity

Review: Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Sebagai Model Obesitas dan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) yang sebelumnya disebut Brachydanio rerio merupakan spesies ikan air tawar tropis yang berukuran kecil yang berasal dari Asia Selatan dan Sungai Gangga di India. Zebrafish bisa diaplikasikan pada model obesitas dan diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Obesitas merupakan pemicu terjadinya DMT2. Tujuan dari review artikel ini dapat memberikan informasi dan meningkatkan pemahaman pembaca bahwa zebrafish merupakan model yang ideal untuk obesitas dan DMT2. Metode penulisan review artikel ini dilakukan dengan penelusuran artikel ilmiah terpublikasi bertaraf nasional dan internasional dengan menggunakan kata kunci berupa “Obesity, zebrafish, model”, “Hyperglycemia, zebrafish, model” atau “zebrafish for hyperglycemia” dan “Diabetes melitus type 2, zebrafish, model”. Zebrafish model obesitas dan DMT2 yang diinduksi makanan dan obat menunjukkan keunggulan menjadi obesitas seperti pada manusia dan mamalia lain. Selain itu, zebrafish yang diinduksi dengan metode perendaman glukosa diperoleh hasil meningkatnya kadar glukosa darah dan gangguan respon terhadap insulin eksogen. Pemberian alternatif terapi dari bahan alam seperti GTE, palmaria mollis, diosgenin, bubuk kayu manis pada zebrafish memberikan hasil yang cukup baik sehingga bisa dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif model hewan lain

PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING FOR POTENCY OF ANTIOBESITY ON FIVE PLANTS BASED ON ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL USE

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this research was to screening potency of anti-obesity effect and antioxidant activity from Sapindus rarak Pulp., Punicagranatum Leaves, Jasminllum sambac Flos., Tamarindus indica Pulp., and Senna alexandrina Leaves.Methods: This study was performed through in-vitro method to determine the potency of anti-obesity, such as its ability to inhibit pancreatic lipaseactivity and radical-scavenging activity against free radicals like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl to determine the potency of these plants as antioxidant.Results: The 50% inhibitory concentration of pancreatic lipase activity inhibitory and antioxidant activity consecutively, P. granatum Leaves(20.64 ppm; 77.89 ppm), J. sambac Flos. (53.46 ppm; 127.95 ppm), T. indica Pulp. (62.02 ppm; 159.16 ppm), S. alexandrina Leaves (94.69 ppm;142.28 ppm), and S. rarak Pulp. (796.32 ppm; 147.56 ppm).Conclusion: P. granatum Leaves showed the best potency of anti-obesity compared to other plants based on its ability to inhibit pancreatic lipaseactivity and antioxidant activity.Keywords: Anti-obesity, Pancreatic lipase activity, Antioxidant

Aplikasi Zebrafish (Danio rerio) pada Beberapa Model Penyakit Eksperimental

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) merupakan jenis ikan tropis berukuran kecil yang banyak ditemukandi negara India dan Asia Selatan. Hingga saat ini, zebrafish telah digunakan sebagai organismemodel untuk pengembangan berbagai model penyakit, studi toksikologi, studi neurobiologi,gangguan-gangguan metabolisme, dan pengembangan genetika. Beberapa keunggulan dari penggunaanzebrafish antara lain mekanisme adaptasi terhadap lingkungan, naluri yang cukup bervariasi,pola sirkadian, dan berbagai macam mekanisme adaptasi lainnya. Secara genetika, zebrafishjuga memiliki persamaan gen yang menyerupai manusia. Persamaan gen ini merupakan prosesevolusi yang terjadi selama ratusan juta tahun yang lalu. Sebagai tambahan, zebrafish juga memilikipersamaan-persamaan lainnya dengan manusia antara lain yaitu pada sistem saluran pencernaan,jaringan adiposa viseral, sistem otot rangka, dan sistem organ lainnya. Persamaan gen, sistemsaluran pencernaan, jaringan adiposa viseral, sistem otot rangka, dan sistem organ lainnya menjadikanlandasan utama untuk pengembangan dan eksplorasi berbagai macam model penyakit padamanusia. Beberapa model yang dapat diaplikasikan pada model zebrafish antara lain model obesitas,diabetes mellitus, gangguan jantung atau kardiovaskular, gangguan ginjal, gangguan lipid, penyakitperlemakan hati, dan beberapa model lainnya