Error Analysis of Phonetic Fossilization Uttered by English Department Students University of PGRI Semarang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tipe dan latar belakang fosilisasi fonetik yang diucapkan oleh mahasiswa semester 5 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris di Universitas PGRI Semarang tahun 2014/2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dengan data kualitatif. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah para mahasiswa semester 5 yang mengambil mata kuliah English Phonology dengan jumlahmahasiswa 200. Sampel penelitian adalah kelas 5E, kelas yang paling aktif dan dominan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya 15% kata di dalam kuesioner penelitian yang berhasil dilafalkan dengan baik oleh para responden. Itu artinya bahwa fosilisasi fonetik dilakukan lebih dari 75% responden. Tipe kesalahan yang dibuat adalah tipe fosilisasi fonetik baik dalam kategori perseorangan maupun kelompok, sementara itu alasan-alasan mereka melakukan kesalahan adalah; 1)Simbol fonetik yang masih tidak familier bagi mahasiswa semester. 2) Terdapat habituasi dan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang merujuk pada dua faktor: internal dan eksternal. Faktor internalnya adalah mahasiswa itu sendiri, yang berarti motivasi untuk belajar dan hasrat untuk lebih dalam mempelajari simbol -simbol fonetik. Faktor eksternalnya merujuk pada proses pembelajaran dan sudut pandang dosen. 3) Metode yang digunakan oleh para dosen pengampu mata kuliah English Phonology and Pronounciation. Masalah ini harus diturunkan karena 90% dari mahasiswa menyatakan di dalam wawancara bahwa mereka sangat tertarik dengan subjek ini danjuga menyatakan bahwa para dosen tidak memberikan tekanan, namun faktanya persentase kesalahan dalam pelafalan di atas rata-rata.Berdasarkan pada hasil-haasil ini, peneliti memberika saran sebagai berikut; 1) Permasalahan ini menjadi tugas bagi seluruh dosen bahasa Inggris, tidak hanya dosen yang mengajar mata kuliah English Phonology and Pronunciation. 2) Simbolsimbol fonetik harus diterapkan secara intensif dan integral sehingga para mahasiswa dapat familier dengan simbol-simbol tersebut. 3) Kebutuhan akan penelitian lebih lanjut yang terkait dengan metode-metode yang digunakan oleh para dosen

Pengembangan Buku Ajar Biologi Sel dengan Pendekatan Bioinformatika

Textbooks are learning guide books used by students in order to help achieve the goals of national education. Development of textbooks is one of the ways in which to facilitate the achievement of learning indicators. Development of Cell Biology textbooks by using bioinformatics approaches Dick and Carey development model. Textbooks developed validated by subject matter experts, instructional media experts, individual testing 15 students, and 15 students were group trial. Validation results matter experts declared feasible by 84% in good categories. The results of the validation study media experts declared feasible by 82.4% in good categories.Buku ajar merupakan buku panduan pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh siswa guna membantu mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional. Pengembangan buku ajar merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan untuk memfasilitasi tercapainya indikator pembelajaran. Pengembangan buku ajar Biologi Sel dengan pendekatan Bioinformatika menggunakan model pengembangan Dick and Carey. Buku ajar yang dikembangkan divalidasi oleh ahli materi, ahli media pembelajaran, 15 mahasiswa uji coba perorangan, dan 15 mahasiswa uji coba kelompok sedang. Hasil validasi ahli materi menyatakan layak sebesar 84% dengan kategori baik. Hasil validasi ahli media pembelajaran menyatakan layak sebesar 82,4% dengan kategori baik

Analisis Manajemen Kredit Guna Menjaga Likuiditas Dan Meningkatkan Rentabilitas (Studi Pada PT. Bpr Sentral Arta Jaya Probolinggo Periode 2013-2015)

Credit granting which is conducted by every bank contains some risk, one of them is Non Performing Loans, which is it will affect the bank\u27s performance. Bank management which capable to suppress the NPL ratio to below 5% would have the financial potential acquired greater. The NPL value can be suppressed with the help of credit management for the credit issued can run well. Through credit management is expected to maintain liquidity and increase the profitability, safe limit provisions of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), the level of profitability is also noteworthy because it is the capital of the company\u27s ability to generate profits.This Research used a descriptive study. According to Bank Indonesia regulation, this research shows that liquidity ratio and profiability ratio are owned by this Bank has healthy condition. Even though this bank was fine, the bank should have better credit management to maintain company liquidity, while seen from rentability ratio, this bank has fluctuated year by year, In minimizing the fluctuations, the bank should manage the asset in better way, where the bank have to be able distribute and use the assets based on target because good assets perfomance will increase rentability of company

Retrospective Study: Type 1 Leprosy Reaction

Background: Type 1 reaction (T1R) of leprosy occurs due toaltered balance between cell mediated immunity and M. leprae bacilli in the skin and nerves, with upgrading/reversal or downgrading as final result. Leprosy subpolar types have unstable immunity, this cause them often experience recurrence T1R, especially BB type.Clinical findings of T1R are inflammation in the skin or nerves, and can lead to disability if not treated properly. Aim: To evaluate the distribution, diagnosis, trigger factors, and therapy of T1R. Methods: Retrospective study using medical record of leprosy new patients in Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, during 2010 – 2013. Database, anamnesis, examination, and T1R therapy were recorded. Results: The total of new leprosy patients with T1R within 2010-2013 were 117 patients (19,7% of all new leprosy  patients). Most of them were men (70,1%), aged between 15–34 years (42,8%), with BB as the most frequent type (70,9%). Skin symptom of T1R could be thickening of old lesion (52,1%). T1R most occurred when patients still consume MDT (71,8%). NSAID (37,6%) andcorticosteroid (38,5%)were prescribed as T1R therapy. Conclusions: T1R diagnosis should established accurately by history taking and physical examination.For recurrent T1R,trigger factors should be considered. Key words: type 1 reaction, CMI, reversal, downgrading

Surface stress of Ni adlayers on W(110): the critical role of the surface atomic structure

Puzzling trends in surface stress were reported experimentally for Ni/W(110) as a function of Ni coverage. In order to explain this behavior, we have performed a density-functional-theory study of the surface stress and atomic structure of the pseudomorphic and of several different possible 1x7 configurations for this system. For the 1x7 phase, we predict a different, more regular atomic structure than previously proposed based on surface x-ray diffraction. At the same time, we reproduce the unexpected experimental change of surface stress between the pseudomorphic and 1x7 configuration along the crystallographic surface direction which does not undergo density changes. We show that the observed behavior in the surface stress is dominated by the effect of a change in Ni adsorption/coordination sites on the W(110) surface.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures Published in J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 24 (2012) 13500

Spatial-Related Community Structure and Dynamics in Phytoplankton of the Ross Sea, Antarctica

The Ross Sea exhibits the largest continental shelf and it is considered to be the most productive region in Antarctica, with phytoplankton communities that have so far been considered to be driven by the seasonal dynamics of the polynya, producing the picture of what is considered as the classical Antarctic food web. Nevertheless, the Ross Sea is made up of a complex mosaic of sub-systems, with physical, chemical, and biological features that change on different temporal and spatial scales. Thus, we investigated the phytoplankton community structure of the Ross Sea with a spatial scale, considering the different ecological sub-systems of the region. The total phytoplankton biomass, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), size classes, and main functional groups were analyzed in relation to physical–chemical properties of the water column during the austral summer of 2017. Data from our study showed productivity differences between polynyas and other areas, with high values of biomass in Terra Nova Bay (up to 272 mg chl a m–2) and the south-central Ross Sea (up to 177 mg chl a m–2) that contrast with the HNLC nature of the off-shore waters during summer. Diatoms were the dominant group in all the studied subsystems (relative proportion ≥ 50%) except the southern one, where they coexisted with haptophytes with a similar percentage. Additionally, the upper mixed layer depth seemed to influence the level of biomass rather than the dominance of different functional groups. However, relatively high percentages of dinoflagellates (∼30%) were observed in the area near Cape Adare. The temporal variability observed at the repeatedly sampled stations differed among the sub-systems, suggesting the importance of Long-Term Ecological Research (L-TER) sites in monitoring and studying the dynamics of such an important system for the global carbon cycle as the Ross Sea. Our results provide new insights into the spatial distribution and structure of phytoplankton communities, with different sub-systems following alternative pathways for primary production, identifiable by the use of appropriate sampling scales

Performances of a portable Fourier transform hyperspectral imaging camera for rapid investigation of paintings

Abstract: Scientific investigation in the cultural heritage field is generally aimed at the characterization of the constituent materials and the conservation status of artworks. Since the 1990s, reflectance spectral imaging proved able to map pigments, reveal hidden details and evaluate the presence of restorations in paintings. Over the past two decades, hyperspectral imaging has further improved our understanding of paints and of its changes in time. In this work, we present an innovative hyperspectral camera, based on the Fourier transform approach, utilising an ultra-stable interferometer and we describe its advantages and drawbacks with respect to the commonly used line- and spectral-scanning methods. To mitigate the weaknesses of the Fourier transform hyperspectral imaging, we propose a strategy based on the virtual extension of the dynamic range of the camera and on the design of an illumination system with a balanced emission throughout the spectral range of interest. The hyperspectral camera was employed for the analysis of a painting from the “Album of Nasir al-din Shah”. By applying analysis routines based on supervised spectral unmixing, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our camera for pigment mapping. This work shows how the proposed hyperspectral imaging camera based on the Fourier transform is a promising technique for robust and compact in situ investigation of artistic objects in conditions compatible with museum and archaeological sites. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Bio-Assisted Tailored Synthesis of Plasmonic Silver Nanorings and Site-Selective Deposition on Graphene Arrays

The spontaneous interaction between noble metals and biological scaffolds enables simple and cost-effective synthesis of nanomaterials with unique features. Here, plasmonic silver nanorings are synthesized on a ring-like protein, i.e., a peroxiredoxin (PRX), and used to assemble large arrays of functional nanostructures. The PRX drives the seeding growth of metal silver under wet reducing conditions, yielding nanorings with outer and inner diameters down to 28 and 3 nm, respectively. The obtained hybrid nanostructures are selectively deposited onto a solid-state 2D membrane made of graphene in order to prepare plasmonic nanopores. In particular, the interaction between the graphene and the PRX allows for the simple preparation of ordered arrays of plasmonic nanorings on a 2D-material membrane. This fabrication process can be finalized by drilling a nanometer scale pore in the middle of the ring. Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements in combination with numerical simulations demonstrate the plasmonic effects induced in the metallic nanoring cavity. The prepared nanopores represent one of the first examples of hybrid plasmonic nanopore structures integrated on a 2D-material membrane. The diameter of the nanopore and the atomically thick substrate make this proof-of-concept approach particularly interesting for nanopore-based technologies and applications such as next-generation sequencing and single-molecule detection