Multiple Dormancy And Maternal Effect On Miconia Ferruginata (melastomataceae) Seed Germination, Serra De Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brazil [dormência Múltipla E Efeito Maternal Na Germinação De Sementes De Miconia Ferruginata (melastomataceae), Serra De Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil]

Species with mostly asexual reproduction are interesting subjects for germination studies since variation would be more easily linked to environmental factors. Miconia ferruginata DC. is an apomictic treelet in Brazilian cerrado areas on rocky outcrops. Germination of seeds collected from individuals occurring in the Serra de Caldas Novas State Park, Goiás, was studied in three experiments under controlled conditions. Germination characteristics differed among individuals and were correlated with altitude and soil Al content. Seeds from plants growing at lower altitudes, with lower soil aluminium content, presented malformed seeds with absence of embryo which rendered lower, but better synchronized germination. The nested analysis showed that from the total variance, 78.14% for germinability, 54.56% for uncertainty of the germination process, and 68.30% for the quantity of seeds without embryo was attributed to the altitudinal effect. Individuals nested within altitude contributed up to 16.93% for the total variance. It means that there is low variability among individuals of the same altitude and high variability among individuals from different points of the slope, making clear that for the studied population the environmental effect is stronger than the genetic component to determine the seed quality. The testa of the seeds provides a mechanical dormancy which seems to be associated also with phenolic compounds, which help to disperse germination through time. Photoblastism was also registered for seeds of this species.33193105Abulfatih, H.A., Seed germination in Acacia species and their relation to altitudinal gradient in south-western Saudi Arabia (1995) Journal of Arid Environments, 31, pp. 171-178Almeida, A.F., Sarmento, F.N.M., (1998) Parque Estadual Da Serra De Caldas: Plano De Manejo, , (coord.), Centro Tecnológico de Engenharia Ltda., Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente, GoiâniaAllen, S.E., (1974) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials, , Blackwell Scientific Publications, OxfordAndrade, A.C.S., Efeito da luz e da temperatura na germinação de Leandra breviflora Cogn., Tibouchina benthamiana Cogn., Tibouchina grandifolia Cogn. e Tibouchina moricandiana (DC.) Baill. (Melastomataceae) (1995) Revista Brasileira De Sementes, 17, pp. 29-35Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., (1998) Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, , Academic Press, San DiegoBaskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., Chester, E.W., Seed dormancy and germination in Rhexia mariana var. interior (Melastomataceae) and eco-evolutionary implications (1999) Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, pp. 488-493Baskin, J.M., Nan, X., Baskin, C.C., A comparative study of seed dormancy and germination in an annual and a perennial species of Senna (Fabaceae) (1998) Seed Science Research, 8, pp. 501-512(1999) Sistema Brasileiro De Classificação De Solos, , BRASIL., Embrapa, Serviço de Produção de Informação, BrasíliaBuchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R.L., (2000) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, , American Society of Plant Physiology, Rockville, MarylandCarnelossi, M.A.G., Lamounier, L., Ranal, M.A., Efeito da luz, hipoclorito de sódio, escarificação e estratificação na germinação de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Maioba e Moreninha-de-Uberlândia (1995) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 30, pp. 779-787Cavieres, L.A., Arroyo, M.T.K., Seed germination response to cold stratification period and termal regime in Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae) (2000) Plant Ecology, 149, pp. 1-8Clausing, G., Renner, S.S., Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: Implications for character evolution (2001) American Journal of Botany, 88, pp. 486-498Davis, J.A., (1971) Elementary Survey Analysis, , Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodEgley, G.H., Seed germination in soil: Dormancy cycles (1995) Seed Development and Germination, pp. 529-543. , J. Kigel & G. Galili, eds.). Marcel Dekker, New YorkEllison, A.M., Denslow, J.S., Loiselle, B.A., Brenés, M.D., Seed and seedling ecology of Neotropical Melastomataceae (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 1733-1749Garwood, N.C., Seed germination in a seasonal tropical forest in Panama: A community study (1983) Ecological Monograph, 53, pp. 159-181Goldenberg, R., Shepherd, G.J., Studies on the reproductive biology of Melastomataceae in "cerrado" vegetation (1998) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 211, pp. 13-29Groenendijk, J.P., Bouman, F., Cleef, A.M., An exploratory study on seed morphology of Miconia Ruiz & Pavón (Melastomataceae), with taxonomic and ecological implications (1996) Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 45, pp. 323-344Haridasan, M., Araújo, G.M., Aluminium-accumulating species in two forest communities in the Cerrado region of Central Brazil (1988) Forest Ecology and Management, 24, pp. 15-26Johnson, E.L., Campbell, T.A., Foy, C.D., Effect of soil pH on mineral element concentrations of two Erythroxylum species (1997) Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 20, pp. 1503-1515Köppen, W., (1948) Climatología: Con Un Estudio De Los Climas De La Tierra. Trad, , Hendrichs Pérez PR. Fondo de Cultura Económica, MéxicoLabouriau, L.G., (1983) A Germinação Das Sementes, , Série de Biologia. Monografia 24. Secretaria Geral da Organização dos Estados Americanos - OEA, WashingtonManhães, M.A., Assis, L.C.S., Castro, R.M., Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes de Miconia urophylla (Melastomataceae) por aves em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica secundária em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil (2003) Ararajuba, 11, pp. 173-180Martins, R.L., Oliveira, P.E., RAPD evidence for apomixis and clonal populations in Eriotheca (Bombacaceae) (2003) Plant Biology, 5, pp. 338-340Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner, M.H., (1985) Applied Linear Statistical Models: Regression, Analysis of Variance and Experimental Designs, , Richard D. Irwin, IllinioisOfir, M., Kigel, J., Variation in onset of summer dormancy and flowering capacity along an aridity gradient in Poa bulbosa L., a geophytic perennial grass (2003) Annals of Botany, 91, pp. 391-400Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Curi, N., Vilela, E.A., Carvalho, D.A., Effects of canopy gaps, topography, and soils on the distribution of woody species in a Central Brazilian Deciduous Dry Forest (1998) Biotropica, 30, pp. 362-375Pereira-Diniz, S.G., (2003) Ecofisiologia Da Germinação De Sementes De Clidemia Hirta (L.) D. Don (Melastomataceae), , Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UberlândiaPereira-Diniz, S.G., Ranal, M.A., Germinable soil seed bank of a gallery forest in Brazilian Cerrado (2006) Plant Ecology, 183, pp. 337-348Queiroz, M.H., Influência da luz na germinação de Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin - jacatirão-açu (1983) Insula, 13, pp. 29-37Ranal, M.A., Santana, D.G., How and why to measure the germination process? (2006) Revista Brasileira De Botânica, 29, pp. 1-11Ribeiro, J.F., Walter, B.M.T., Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado (1998) Cerrado: Ambiente E Flora, pp. 89-166. , S.M. Sano & S.P. Almeida, eds.). Embrapa, PlanaltinaRoach, D.A., Wulff, R.D., Maternal effects in plants (1987) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, pp. 209-235Romero, R., Martins, A.B., Melastomataceae do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil (2002) Revista Brasileira De Botânica, 25, pp. 19-24Santana, D.G., Ranal, M.A., (2004) Análise Da Germinação: Um Enfoque Estatístico, , Editora UnB, BrasíliaSantana, D.G., Ranal, M.A., Linear correlation in the experimental design models applied on seed germination (2006) Seed Science and Technology, 34, pp. 241-247Santos, M.L., (2003) Florística E Biologia Reprodutiva De Espécies De Melastomataceae Do Parque Estadual Da Serra De Caldas Novas E Parque Estadual Dos Pirineus, Goiás, , Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Brasília, BrasíliaSnedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., (1989) Statistical Methods, , 8th ed. Iowa State University Press, AmesTweney, J., Mogie, M., The relationship between achene weight, embryo weight and germination in Taraxacum apomicts (1999) Annals of Botany, 83, pp. 45-50Válio, I.F.M., Scarpa, F.M., Germination of seeds of tropical pioneer species under controlled and natural conditions (2001) Revista Brasileira De Botânica, 24, pp. 79-84Venable, D.L., Using intraspecific variation to study the ecological sgnificance and evolution of plant life-histories (1984) Perspectives On Plant Population Ecology, pp. 166-187. , (R. Dirzo & J. Sarukhán, eds.). Sunderland. Sinauer Associates, MassachusettsVieira, I.C.G., Galvão, N., Rosa, N.A., Caracterização morfológica de frutos e germinação de sementes de espécies arbóreas nativas da Amazônia (1996) Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Botânica, 12, pp. 271-288Watanabe, T., Osaki, M., Influence of aluminium and phosphorus on growth and xylem sap composition in Melastoma malabathricum L (2001) Plant and Soil, 237, pp. 63-70Watanabe, T., Jansen, S., Osak, M., The beneficial effect of aluminium and the role of citrate in Al accumulation in Melastoma malabathricum (2005) New Phytologist, 165, pp. 773-780Weeb, L.B., Aluminium accumulation in the Australian - New Guinea flora (1954) Australian Journal of Botany, 2, pp. 176-196Werker, E., (1997) Seed Anatomy, , Gebrüder Borntraeger, BerlinZaia, J.E., Takaki, M., Estudo da germinação de sementes de espécies arbóreas pioneiras: Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. e Tibouchina granulosa Cogn. (Melastomataceae) (1998) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 12, pp. 221-22