Energy expenditure of rugby players during a 14-day in-season period, measured using doubly labelled water.

Criterion data for total energy expenditure (TEE) in elite rugby are lacking, which prediction equations may not reflect accurately. This study quantified TEE of 27 elite male rugby league (RL) and rugby union (RU) players (U16, U20, U24 age groups) during a 14-day in-season period using doubly labelled water (DLW). Measured TEE was also compared to estimated, using prediction equations. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry, and physical activity level (PAL) estimated (TEE:RMR). Differences in measured TEE were unclear by code and age (RL, 4369 ± 979; RU, 4365 ± 1122; U16, 4010 ± 744; U20, 4414 ± 688; U24, 4761 ± 1523 Kcal.day-1). Differences in PAL (overall mean 2.0 ± 0.4) were unclear. Very likely differences were observed in RMR by code (RL, 2366 ± 296; RU, 2123 ± 269 Kcal.day-1). Differences in relative RMR between U20 and U24 were very likely (U16, 27 ± 4; U20, 23 ± 3; U24, 26 ± 5 Kcal.kg-1.day-1). Differences were observed between measured and estimated TEE, using Schofield, Cunningham and Harris-Benedict equations for U16 (187 ± 614, unclear; -489 ± 564, likely and -90 ± 579, unclear Kcal.day-1), U20 (-449 ± 698, likely; -785 ± 650, very likely and -452 ± 684, likely Kcal.day-1) and U24 players (-428 ± 1292; -605 ± 1493 and -461 ± 1314 Kcal.day-1, all unclear). Rugby players have high TEE, which should be acknowledged. Large inter-player variability in TEE was observed demonstrating heterogeneity within groups, thus published equations may not appropriately estimate TEE

THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF A MULTI-INGREDIENT PRE-WORKOUT SUPPLEMENT ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE

Patrick S. HartyƗ1, Jacob L. EricksonƗ2, Michael CameronƗ2, Clayton Camicǂ2, Scott Dobersteinǂ2, Joel Luedkeǂ2, & Andrew R. Jagimǂ1 1Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; 2University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin The use of dietary supplements to enhance exercise performance has long been a popular strategy for active individuals. A newer category of dietary supplements referred to as multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) has gained increased attention among active individuals. While several studies support the use of MIPS to increase exercise performance in males, limited data exist regarding effectiveness in female populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of ingesting a MIPS on exercise responses and subjective measures of energy, focus, and fatigue in recreationally active females. METHODS: Fifteen recreationally-active females (Mean ± SD, 21.5 ± 1.7 yrs, 165.3 ± 5.3 cm, 61.6 ± 5.1 kg) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Subjects completed baseline and two experimental testing sessions in a cross-over design. After height and weight were assessed, subjects completed a 5-repetition maximum (5RM) test for the bench press (BP) and back squat (BS) exercises during baseline testing. During the experimental testing sessions, participants were randomly assigned to ingest either 1 serving of a MIPS or placebo and performed a repetition to failure test for both BS and BP at 85% 5RM and were later assessed for differences in anaerobic power using a counter-movement vertical jump test and a sprint test on a force-treadmill. Subjective measurements of energy, focus, and fatigue were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Paired samples t-tests were used to assess differences in muscular endurance and anaerobic capacity between each condition. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences in Likert scale scores between treatment conditions. RESULTS: A significant main effect for condition was observed for BP repetitions (p=0.037) and total work during the treadmill sprint (p=0.039) following ingestion of the MIPS. A significant condition x time interaction for focus was observed with the supplement treatment exhibiting improved focus at 80-minutes post ingestion (p=0.046). CONCLUSION: It appears that acute MIPS consumption improves upper body muscular endurance and anaerobic capacity while improving subjective feelings of focus following high-intensity exercise in recreationally active females. Funding for this project was provided by the International Society of Sports Nutrition and MusclePharmTM aspart of an unrestricted education grant

FAT-FREE MASS INDEX IN A DIVERSE SAMPLE OF FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES

Patrick S. Harty1, Hannah A. Zabriskie1, Richard A. Stecker1, Bradley S. Currier1, Jessica M. Moon1, Andrew R. Jagim1, Chad M. Kerksick1, FACSM 1Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri Fat-free mass index (FFMI) is a height-adjusted metric of fat-free mass that has been suggested to have a variety of applications in the classification of athletic populations, including the assessment of athletic potential and capacity for further fat-free mass accretion. Previous researchers have identified FFMI upper limits of 28.1 kg/m2 in male football players and 25 kg/m2 in resistance-trained males. However, little information exists regarding normative FFMI values and upper limits of FFMI in female athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine sport-specific FFMI values and the natural upper limit of FFMI in female athletes. METHODS: 372 female collegiate athletes (Mean ± SD; Age: 20.0 ± 1.6 years, Height: 167.6 ± 7.5 cm, Weight: 69.5 ± 13.0 kg, Percent body fat: 24.2 ± 5.5 %) underwent body composition assessment via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. FFMI was calculated by dividing fat-free mass by height squared and was adjusted to mean height via linear regression. Between-sport differences were identified using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests. RESULTS: Height-adjusted and unadjusted FFMI values were not significantly different (p \u3c 0.05). Thus, unadjusted data was used to report all results (Table 1). Average FFMI was 18.82 ± 2.09 kg/m2. FFMI in rugby athletes was significantly higher (p \u3c 0.05) than in gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, swim & dive, and volleyball. FFMI in cross country and synchronized swimming was significantly lower (p \u3c 0.05) than in Olympic weightlifting, wrestling, and rugby. The upper limit for FFMI in female athletes (97.5th percentile) was 23.9 kg/m2. The upper limit for rugby athletes in this sample was 25.78 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report upper limits for FFMI in female collegiate athletes and more than doubled the available normative FFMI data in female athletes. These results can be used to guide personnel decisions and assist with body composition, training, and nutritional goals

SUPPLEMENTATION WITH A MULTI-INGREDIENT PRE-WORKOUT SUPPLEMENT DOES NOT ENHANCE BODY COMPOSITION OR METABOLISM IN FEMALES

Hannah ZabriskieƗ1, Clayton L. Camicǂ2, Carl Fosterǂ3, Anna Nelsonǂ3, Brooke Zajacǂ3, Kaela Hoecherlǂ3, Joel Luedkeǂ3, Jacob Ericksonǂ4, Andrew R. Jagimǂ1 1Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 2Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 3University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 4Mayo Clinic Health Systems, Onalaska, WI Multiple ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) are purported to induce acute metabolic and physiological changes that may result in favorable body composition improvements, such as lower body fat percentage and increased lean body mass, over time. However, little research has been conducted on the effects and safety of MIPS in female populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the long-term effects of MIPS ingestion on metabolism, body composition, and clinical health measures in recreationally active females. METHODS: Nineteen recreationally active females completed the randomized, double blind, placebo control study. Resting heart rate and blood pressure, blood lipids, body composition, and resting metabolic rate were recorded before and after a seven-week resistance training program while consuming either a MIPS or placebo daily. RESULTS: No significant group by time interactions were observed for body fat percentage (p=0.66), fat free mass (p=0.87), fat mass (p=0.63), or resting metabolic rate (p=0.52). No differences were detected in clinical health measures such as resting heart rate (p=0.43), systolic blood pressure (p=0.18), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.20), or blood lipid panel measurements (p\u3e0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that consumption of MIPS does not enhance body composition or metabolic rate in recreationally active females. There is no evidence that daily MIPS use over several weeks results in adverse health effects. This study was co-funded through an unrestricted education grant from the International Society of Sports Nutrition and MusclePharm Corporation (Denver, CO)