ガーナデリヨウサレテイルヤクヨウショクブツノアレロパシーカッセイノヒョウカトローズマリーニフクマレルカルノシンサンノ ショクブツセイイクソガイブッシツトシテノドウテイ

博士（農学）東京農工大

Comprendre les réparations

Cet article présente une analyse préliminaire de la logique morale qui sous-tend les revendications de réparations de groupe pour les violations massives des droits de l’homme telles que l’esclavage, l’apartheid, le colonialisme et le génocide. Je commence par la justification des réparations dans des cas individuels. Typiquement, un « auteur » fait du tort à une victime, puis offre une réparation à cette victime. J’examine un certain nombre de raisonnements qui autorisent cette pratique. La réparation est perçue comme un moyen de rétablir la victime, d’exprimer la reconnaissance d’un tort, de rétablir la relation entre la victime et l’auteur. Je montre que toutes ces théories s’accompagnent de difficultés pour les types de réparations que nous abordons ici. D’abord, tant la victime que l’auteur sont des groupes et certains de ces groupes ne remplissent pas les conditions nécessaires à l’action collective. Ensuite, les victimes sont décédées depuis longtemps. Dans une perspective de regard vers l’avenir, j’avance enfin que plusieurs raisons favorisent les transferts de ressources à grande échelle que les arguments en faveur des réparations cherchent à justifier par des considérations qui privilégient un regard tourné vers le passé.Understanding Reparation. A Preliminary Reflection. – This paper offers a preliminary analysis of the moral logic of claims for group reparation for large-scale historical abuses of human rights such as slavery, apartheid, colonialism, and genocide. I begin with the rationale for reparation in individual cases. In the model case, a perpetrator wrongs a victim, and then offers reparation to that victim. I examine a number of rationales for this practice: as restoring the victim; as expressing acknowledgment of the wrong; as restoring the relationship between victim and perpetrator. I show that there are difficulties on all these theories for the kinds of reparations I am discussing. There are difficulties, first, because the victim and perpetrator are groups and some of the relevant groups do not meet the conditions for collective agency. Then there are difficulties when the victims are long dead. I argue, finally, that there are forward-looking reasons to favor many of the large-scale transfers of resources that reparations arguments seek to justify by backward-looking considerations

The Correlation between Accounting Systems of Small and Micro Enterprises and Tax Revenue Assessment in Ghana

The purpose of the study was to find out the correlation between accounting systems of Small and Micro Enterprises and tax revenue assessment. The study was be based on descriptive research survey using questionnaires and interviews as main tools to gather both primary and secondary data to establish the correlation between sound financial record keeping by small /micro and tax revenue assessment. The study showed that most small and micro enterprises have registered with the Registrar General’s Department and that most of them have Tax Identification Numbers (TIN) generated by the Internal Revenue Service. The study further revealed that most small and micro enterprise owners do not have basic knowledge in bookkeeping. From the findings small and micro enterprises spend about half of all cash receipts on cash basis before they are put into bank accounts. Finally, it was established that most of the enterprises cooperate with tax authorities when tax officials come for tax inspection, assessment and collection. It is recommended that, the Internal Revenue Service should ensure effective communication, outreach, monitoring and education of small and micro enterprises on regular basis, to enable the service ensure tax compliance and enhance tax revenue mobilisation from the informal sector in Ghana. Small and micro enterprises should also be encouraged to set up Accounting systems using simple computer software that ensures prompt preparation of financial statements and reporting for tax assessment purposes

“Money Doesn’t Like Noise”: Akufo Addo’s Pathos from A Metadiscoursal Perspective

Politicians create a political persona with their audience in mind, and their speeches are crafted to involve receivers in a promising future. They intentionally create a stream of ideas to engage the audience and arouse their emotions to make affective appeals. Using the frameworks of Hyland's Model of Metadiscourse and Aristotle's Rhetorical Persuasion Theory, the present study analysed Akufo Addo's address to the nation on October 30, 2022, when the country was facing economic difficulties. The study found that attitude markers, self-mentions, reader pronouns, and directives of metadiscourse markers are persuasively used in the data. The study concludes that Akufo Addo relied heavily on these metadiscourse markers to draw on pathos appeals, harmonise with the audience, and achieve the purpose of persuasion in the address. The findings of the study have implications for reflections on language and politics

Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Conjunctivitis: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Specialist Eye Hospital in Ghana, 2021

Most presentations of conjunctivitis are acute. Studies show that uncomplicated cases resolve within 14 days without medication. However, antibiotic prescription remains standard practice. With antimicrobial resistance becoming a public health concern, we undertook this study to assess antibiotic prescription patterns in managing acute conjunctivitis in an eye hospital in Ghana. We recorded 3708 conjunctivitis cases; 201 were entered as acute conjunctivitis in the electronic medical records (January to December 2021). Of these, 44% were males, 56% were females, 39% were under 5 years, 21% were children and adolescents (5–17 years) and 40% were adults (≥18 years). A total of 111 (55.2%) patients received antibiotics, of which 71.2% were appropriately prescribed. The use of antibiotics was more frequent in children under 17 years compared to adults (p < 0.0001). Of the prescribed antibiotics, 44% belonged to the AWaRe “Access” category (Gentamycin, Tetracycline ointment), while 56% received antibiotics in the “Watch” category (Ciprofloxacin, Tobramycin). Although most of the antibiotic prescribing were appropriate, the preponderance of use of the Watch category warrants stewardship to encompass topical antibiotics. The rational use of topical antibiotics in managing acute conjunctivitis will help prevent antimicrobial resistance, ensure effective health care delivery, and contain costs for patients and the health system

Perception of Track and Field Athletes on the Use of Cryotherapy in Injury Management in Ashanti Region of Ghana

The use of cryotherapy in injury management (IM) has been widely studied but report on track and field athletes’ (TFAs) perception in Ghana remains scarce. TFAs in Ashanti region of Ghana habitually sustained acute injuries due to competition stressors that typically affect peak performance like in other contact games. Despite been observed that sustained injuries accomplished cryotherapy treatment, TFAs’ visit to non-clinical therapy nonetheless remain prominent. This cross-sectional study therefore documents the perceptions of TFAs on the use cryotherapy in IM. Ninety five [mean age = 22.26±1.10years, 59 (62.1%) males, 36(37.9%) females] TFAs camped at the Babayara Sports stadium Kumasi in preparation for 11th African Games were purposively sampled. Self-structured and validated instrument on the use of cryotherapy in IM was administered to elicit TFAs perceptions. TFAs perceived the use of cryotherapy in IM as significant [F = 788.884, X2 = 404.192, df = 94, p = .000].Gender influence on TFAs perception of use of cryotherapy in IM was not significantly different. Mainstream significantly professed at least a good feeling (79.0%, X2 = 37.000, p = 000) after receiving cryotherapy treatment. As such, attachement of Physical Therapists to the TFAs training sessions in Ashanti region, provision of enabling environment and equipment to enhance effective IM processes through cryotherapy are strategic approaches advocated.

Dimensions of Accessibility and Use of Information Communication Technology Among Cocoa Farmers in Atwima Mponua District, Ghana

This research examined the drivers of accessibility and use of information communication technologies (ICTs) by cocoa farmers. A sample size of four hundred (400) cocoa farmers was selected using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. Data were analysed using percentage, means, standard deviation, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and multiple linear regression model. The study revealed that mobile phones, radio and television are the most available (Mean=4.99, 4.95 and 4.85 respectively), accessible (Mean=4.97, 4.83 and 4.40 respectively) and utilised (Mean=4.97, 4.81 and 4.30 respectively) ICT tools by cocoa farmers. There is a relatively high level of availability of ICT (Mean=3.57), a moderate level of accessibility (Mean=2.90) and low use (Mean=2.19) of ICT tools. Cocoa farmers’ mainly used ICTs tools to acquire information on their cocoa farm activities (Mean=4.82). Gender, age, education and farmer-based organisation participation affected farmers accessibility of ICT tools. Age, education and farm experience significantly affected farmers’ use of ICT tools. The greatest challenge faced by cocoa farmers in accessing and using ICT tools is a lack of skills in operating the tools (Mean rank=2.24). Training on ICT use should be intensified by all relevant stakeholders to enable cocoa farmers to increase their use of ICT tools

Dimensions of Accessibility and Use of Information Communication Technology Among Cocoa Farmers in Atwima Mponua District, Ghana

This research examined the drivers of accessibility and use of information communication technologies (ICTs) by cocoa farmers. A sample size of four hundred (400) cocoa farmers was selected using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. Data were analysed using percentage, means, standard deviation, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and multiple linear regression model. The study revealed that mobile phones, radio and television are the most available (Mean=4.99, 4.95 and 4.85 respectively), accessible (Mean=4.97, 4.83 and 4.40 respectively) and utilised (Mean=4.97, 4.81 and 4.30 respectively) ICT tools by cocoa farmers. There is a relatively high level of availability of ICT (Mean=3.57), a moderate level of accessibility (Mean=2.90) and low use (Mean=2.19) of ICT tools. Cocoa farmers’ mainly used ICTs tools to acquire information on their cocoa farm activities (Mean=4.82). Gender, age, education and farmer-based organisation participation affected farmers accessibility of ICT tools. Age, education and farm experience significantly affected farmers’ use of ICT tools. The greatest challenge faced by cocoa farmers in accessing and using ICT tools is a lack of skills in operating the tools (Mean rank=2.24). Training on ICT use should be intensified by all relevant stakeholders to enable cocoa farmers to increase their use of ICT tools

Seasonal Changes in the Plant Growth-Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Leaves on Lettuce Seedlings

Plant biodiversity has been studied to explore allelopathic species for the sustainable management of weeds to reduce the reliance on synthetic herbicides. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), was found to have plant growth-inhibitory effects, and carnosic acid was reported as an allelochemical in the plant. In this study, the effects of seasonal variation (2011–2012) on the carnosic acid concentration and phytotoxicity of rosemary leaves from two locations in Tunisia (Fahs and Matmata) were investigated. The carnosic acid concentration in rosemary leaves was determined by HPLC, and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was used as the receptor plant in the phytotoxicity bioassay. The highest carnosic acid concentration was found in rosemary samples collected in June 2011, which also had the highest inhibitory activity. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation (r = −0.529; p < 0.01) was found between the inhibitory activity on lettuce hypocotyl and the carnosic acid concentration in rosemary leaves. Both temperature and elevation had a significant positive correlation with carnosic acid concentration, while rainfall showed a negative correlation. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of rosemary leaf samples collected in summer was highest due to their high carnosic acid concentration. The phytotoxicity of rosemary needs to be studied over time to determine if it varies by season under field conditions.Peer Reviewe