60 research outputs found
Export Promotion Aims and Reality: A Comparison of the Iberian, Baltic and Central European Region
As a consequence of the international crisis in 2008–2009, the role of exports in economic growth came into focus in most countries. Exports of EU Member States gained momentum from 2010 onward but with certain changes in their structure and direction. In several countries, the turn towards non-EU areas, such as China or Latin America was part of the state export strategy. On the one hand, our article describes these foreign trade strategies and their institutional framework of the Iberian, Baltic and Central European governments, detecting possible similarities. On the other hand, we analyse recent export data. This way we can get a picture on the structure and direction of exports of periphery economies and this can be compared to the aims of the given states. Our hypothesis is that there is a gap between the reality and the intentions of the governments. The size of this gap varies and is influenced by certain factors such as the different involvement of multinational companies in foreign trade or the different economic structure of these countries. In our paper we list which countries adopted a government strategy and with what aim. We provide a short literature review on state trade promotion policies and discuss these policies and their institutions in the Baltic, Visegrád and Iberian countries
Az államtól az államig : a MOL mint nemzeti bajnok = Once the state’s, always the state’s : MOL as a national champion
A MOL Magyarország legnagyobb vállalata. Mind nagysága, mind tevĂ©kenysĂ©gi terĂĽlete alkalmassá teszi arra, hogy nemzeti bajnok legyen. Ennek lehetĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©t a privatizáciĂł mĂłdja teremtette meg. Ezt a mĂłdot – a vállalat egyben tartását, tĹ‘zsdei bevezetĂ©sĂ©t, szĂłrt tulajdonosi szerkezetĂ©t – a cĂ©g menedzsmentje határozta meg. Ez rĂ©szben egyezett a politikai Ă©rdekkel, hiszen Ăşjraelosztást biztosĂtĂł forrásra, állásra, hátországra minden kormánynak Ă©s pártnak szĂĽksĂ©ge van. A MOL nem csupán közreműködik az állami döntĂ©sek vĂ©grehajtásában. Az államnak egyrĂ©szt szĂĽksĂ©ge volt a társaság közreműködĂ©sĂ©re egyes gazdasági, politikai, szociális cĂ©ljainak megvalĂłsĂtásában, amiĂ©rt azt cserĂ©be megkĂĽlönböztetett bánásmĂłdban rĂ©szesĂtette. MásrĂ©szt a MOL hatĂ©kony Ă©rdekĂ©rvĂ©nyesĂtĹ‘ kĂ©pessĂ©gĂ©t bevetve lĂ©pett fel, ha számára elĹ‘nytelen vagy az állam által nem preferált ĂĽgyben akart változást elĂ©rni. A társaság nemzeti bajnokkĂ©nt valĂł kezelĂ©sĂ©nek az uniĂłs szabályok Ă©s döntĂ©sek emeltek kĂĽlsĹ‘ korlátot. A csak hazai hatáskörbe tartozĂł ĂĽgyekben a hatĂłsági aktivitás egyik fĹ‘ iránya a cĂ©g kĂĽlföldi tulajdonosi ellenĹ‘rzĂ©s alá kerĂĽlĂ©sĂ©nek a megakadályozása volt. Más esetekben a hatĂłságok lĂ©pĂ©sei alkalmankĂ©nt erĹ‘sĂtettĂ©k, máskor gyengĂtettĂ©k a társaság nemzeti bajnok pozĂciĂłját. ĂŤgy az Ă©rdekegyezĂ©sek mellett ezek az ĂĽtközĂ©sek is rányomták bĂ©lyegĂĽket a kapcsolatokra. MOL is Hungary’s largest company. Both of its size and field of activity make it capable to be a national champion. The way of privatization made it possible for the company to become a national champion. This special way – e. g. saving the integrity of the company, introduction to the stock exchange, spread ownership structure - was led by the management. This policy could have been easily harmonized with political interests of each government and party which needed sources of redistribution, jobs and safe „background.” MOL does not simply take part in the implementation of the state’s decisions but the company’s cooperation is needed in realizing the economic, political and social considerations of the authorities. Therefore the company is provided with special preferential treatment. Besides, MOL can take advantage of its efficient bargaining power to secure the authorities’ favorable decisions. The regulations and special decisions of the European Union limited MOL’s position as a national champion. In cases belonging exclusively to national competence the main position of authorities was to prevent the emergence of foreign ownership control. In other cases, the authorities behaved differently: sometimes they contributed to the consolidation of the company’s position, sometimes they weakened it with their decisions. The relationship of the company and the state is thus characterized not only by matching but conflicting interests too
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