189 research outputs found

    Development of optical coatings on plastic foil, based on nano composites

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    Electromagnetic suspension and levitation

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    Variability of the recent accumulation rate in coastal Dronning Maud Land, Antarcica

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    Im Hinblick auf mögliche zukünftige Änderungen des Meeresspiegels sind Untersuchungen der Oberflächenmassenbilanz der polaren Eisschilde zu einem zentralen Punkt glaziologischer Forschung geworden. Dennoch ist die Massenbilanz des antarktischen Eisschildes nicht hinreichend genau bekannt, wodurch sich große Unsicherheiten in der Abschätzung des Meeresspiegelanstiegs im 21. Jahrhundert ergeben. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag durch die Analyse neuer Daten von Schneeakkumulation und stellt neue Erkenntnisse über lokale Effekte vor, die die Akkumulationsverteilung beeinflussen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, ein umfassendes Bild der räumlichen Verteilung der Akkumulation auf der Skala von einigen zehn Kilometern zu erhalten, sowie von zeitlichen Variationen sowohl auf jährlicher als auch auf dekadischer Skala. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden Profile mit einem hochfrequenten Bodenradar gemessen und flache Firnkerne erbohrt. Das Untersuchungsgebiet konzentriert sich aufdie gegründeten Küstengebiete des Dronning Maud Landes in der Ostantarktis, die zugleich im Mittelpunkt neuer Satellitenmissionen stehen. Gerade die Küstengebiete reagieren empfindlich auf globale Klimaveränderungen, jedoch ist ihre Akkumulationsrate auf lokaler und regionaler Skala bislang nicht sehr gut durch globale Zirkulationsmodelle oder regionale Klimamodelle repräsentiert. Daher sind Feldmessungen der Akkumulation von entscheidender Bedeutung.Die Akkumulationsraten auf dem Potsdamgletscher im küstennahen Bereich des zentralen Dronning Maud Landes weisen ein undulierendes Muster und eine hohe räumliche Variabilität auf: Die einfache Standardabweichung beträgt nahezu 50% des Mittelwertes von 140 kgm−2 a−1 für den Zeitraum von 19702004. Die zeitlichen Variationen auf der Zeitskala von Dekaden betragen lediglich einige Prozent, abgeleitet aus den gebietsweiten Mittelwerten der Akkumulationsraten. Jährliche Schwankungen der Akkumulationsrate fallen deutlich höher aus, da die Firnkernanalysen Standardabweichungen von 3040 % des Mittelwertes der Akkumulation für die jeweiligen Kerne aufweisen. Eine statistische Analyse der räumlichen Akkumulationsverteilung macht die hohe Periodizität des Akkumulationsmusters mit Wellenlängen von 5 km und Amplituden von 10 m deutlich. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass die hier beobachtete Akkumulationsverteilung derjenigen gleicht, wie sie von den Megadünen auf dem ostantarktischen Plateau bekannt ist, auch wenn die Dünen auf dem Potsdamgletscher weder die räumliche Ausdehnung noch die extreme Morphologie der Megadünen aufweisen. Analog zu den Megadünen lässt sich die Entstehung der auf dem Potsdamgletscher beobachteten Strukturen sehr wahrscheinlich durch ein spezielles Rückkopplungssystem zwischen Atmosphäre und Kryosphäre erklären. Das Auftreten von dünenartigen Undulationen wie die in dieser Arbeit diskutierten ist von Bedeutung für Firnkernbohrungen in küstennahen Gebieten sowie für die Fernerkundung von Eismassenänderungen.Das zweite Untersuchungsgebiet im westlichen Dronning Maud Land, in der Nähe der Kottasberge am Fusse des polaren Plateaus, weist eine geringere räumliche Variabilität der Akkumulationsrate auf. Hier beträgt die Standardabweichung lediglich 510 % des Mittelwertes von 190 kg m−2 a−1 (19802005). Allerdings sind in diesem Gebiet die zeitlichen Variationen höher, sei zeigen Werte von 16 % auf dekadischer Skala, abgeleitet aus den Mittelwerten der Akkumulation im Untersuchungsgebiet. Die jährlichen Schwankungen betragen wie auf dem Potsdamgletscher ca. 30 %, wie sich aus der Firnkernanalyse ergibt. Der Vergleich von räumlichen und zeitlichen Variationen entlang eines Radarprofils auf einer Gletscherfließlinie macht eine schwache Korrelation deutlich, wie sie ebenfalls auf dem Potsdamgletscher zu beobachten ist. Dieses Ergebnis deutet an, daß die zeitlichen Differenzen der Akkumulationsrate auf der Skala von einigen zehn Jahren dort am grössten sind, wo auch die räumlichen Differenzen auf der Skala von einigen 100 Metern bis zu wenigen Kilometern ein Maximum aufweisen.Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind wichtig für die Validierung von Eismassenänderungen, die aus Satellitendaten abgeschätzt werden und die daher über mehrere 100 Kilometer gemittelt sind und somit keine kleinräumlichen Einflüsse erfassen. Deutliche räumliche Variationen in der Akkumulationsrate wie diejenigen auf dem Potsdamgletscher beeinflussen sehr wahrscheinlich das Schweresignal, z.B. der Satellitenmission GRACE. Dies zeigt die Notwendigkeit der Validierung von Satellitendaten mit bodengestütztenMessungen, wie sie in dieser Arbeit diskutiertwerden

    Regional Geoid and Gravity Field from a Combination of Airborne and Satellite Data in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

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    SummaryRecently, a variety of gravity observations in Antarctica has become available through extensive e orts of airbornesurveys. Aircrafts serving as multi-instrumentation platforms provide measurements on gravity, bedrocktopography, ice surface topography and ice thickness. Collected datasets are valuable in terms of resolution andhomogeneity, which make them suitable for studying regional geoid determination in selected Antarctic regions.Within this context the German joint project VISA provided an excellent database for improving the regionalgeoid by combining gravity and topographic data from aerogeophysical observations with long-wavelength informationfrom global gravity eld models. Using the remove-compute-restore technique in conjunction withleast-squares collocation a regional geoid for Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, will be presented. A signalthreshold of up to 6 m added to the global model that was used as a basis can be expected. The accuracy ofthe regional geoid will be estimated to be at the level of 15 cm.Citation: J. Muller, S. Riedel, M. Scheinert, M. Horwath, R. Dietrich, D. Steinhage, H. Anschutz, W. Jokat(2007), RegionalGeoid and Gravity Field from a Combination of Airborne and Satellite Data in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica { OnlineProceedings of the 10th ISAES, edited by A.K. Cooper and C.R. Raymond et al., USGS Open-File Report 2007-xxx, ExtendedAbstract yyy, 1-4.IntroductionThe new datasets provided by the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE (to be launched by theend of 2007) enable a homogeneous determination of the gravity eld. Furthermore, in the polar regions icesurface heights could be determined in a similar quality by ICESat. These new satellite data shall be validatedand densi ed by the German joint project VISA (Validation, Densi cation and Interpretation of Satellite Datafor the Determination of Magnetic Field, Gravity Field, Ice Mass Balance and Structure of the Earth Crust inAntarctica, uitilizing Airborne and Terrestrial Measurements) of TU Dresden and AWI Bremerhaven.For this purpose western and central Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, were chosen as areaof investigation. Airborne as well as terrestrial observation campaigns were carried out to provide appropriatedatasets on height and height changes, gravity and gravity changes, magnetics, glaciology and seismology. Incombination with the satellite data these measurements will be applied to yield more detailed models of thegravity eld and the regional geoid, of the crustal structure and litosphere dynamics and of the dynamics andmass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet in the working area.Observation campaignsBetween 2001 and 2005 four airborne observation campaigns and two terrestrial observation campaigns werecarried out in western and central DML in order to conduct geodetic and geophysical measurements (Fig. 1,left). The scienti c program of the aerogeophysical campaigns for the observation of the gravity eld, magnetic eld, ice surface height and ice thickness (Radio Echo Sounding (RES)) contains more than 350 ight-hourswith a line-spacing between 10 and 20 kilometers. The terrestrial eld work took place at two di erent areas,during the season 2003/04 at Schirmacher Oasis - Potsdam Glacier - Wohlthat Mountains and one year later(season 2004/05) at Heimefrontfjella - Kirwanveggen. GPS and seismometer stations on bedrock were installed,kinematic GPS pro les, relative gravimetry on ice and ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements werecarried out as well as samplings of rn cores and snow pits (Anschutz et al., 2007; Anschutz et al., 2006;Scheinert et al., 2005; Nixdorf et al., 2004).Regional Geoid ImprovementCombining satellite observations from CHAMP and GRACE with terrestrial data, high-resolution models ofthe Earth gravity eld have been obtained. Latest examples of these combination models are EIGEN-CG03C, EIGEN-GL04C (Forste et al., 2005; Forste et al., 2006) and GGM02C (Tapley et al., 2005). In Antarctica, thedetermination of the global gravity eld is problematic becausen due to the remoteness (often inaccessibility)and harsh conditions the terrestrial gravity data coverage features very large gaps. Only for a few smallerregions ground-based or airborne measured gravity was included into the combination. In order to improve theterrestrial gravity coverage and to determine the Antarctic geoid, the IAG Commission Project 2.4 "AntarcticGeoid" (chaired by M. Scheinert) was set into action, which is closely linked to SCAR Expert Group on GeodeticInfrastructure in Antarctica (GIANT) project 3 "Physical Geodesy". An overview on the situation is given in(Scheinert, 2005), and the strategy of regional geoid improvement is discussed in (Scheinert et al., 2007b) for thePrince Charles Mountains region, East Antarctica (PCMEGA), as well as for Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula(Scheinert et al., 2007a).Within this context, the VISA observation campaigns de-Figure 2: Free-air Anomalies (preliminary resultswith a spatial resolution of 14 kilometers)scribed above provide an excellent database for the validationof the gravity eld and, more importantly, for the determinationand improvement of the regional geoid. Fig. 2 showspreliminary results for the free-air anomalies derived from airbornemeasurements over the western and central DML witha resolution of 14 kilometer (Riedel and Jokat, 2007). Comparedwith the subglacial topography (Fig. 3, left panel) thestrong correlation between these two datasets is clearly visible.The right panel of Fig. 3 shows the ice surface heightin the area of investigation. The datasets of Fig. 3 a ord toderive the ice-thickness, which will be needed in addition tothe subglacial topography for the computation of an improvedgeoid. The high resolution of these datasets make them muchmore suitable than BEDMAP data (Lythe et al., 2000), whichwere a valuable source of information prior to the VISA radarobservations in DML.Especially in Antarctica problems occur when satellite observationsfrom CHAMP and GRACE up to a certain spherical harmonic degree (typically 120) should be combined with terrestrial data. Geophysically extrapolated gravity anomalies do not necessaily reect the actualgravity eld in Antarctica, though they are inevitable to provide a globally complete data coverage neededfor the solution of the closed surface integrals. For this reason, shorter wavelength information (higher thanspherical harmonic degree 120) is unreliable for most Antarctic areas (Fig. 1, right). This evinces when comparingthe gravity anomalies from EIGEN-GL04C for a harmonic window (degrees 121 to 360) (Fig. 1, right)with the free-air anomalies derived from VISA airborne measurements (Fig. 2). While a higher correlation canbe seen near the coastline, it diminishes in the southern part of DML.For the calculation of the regional geoid the remove-compute-restore technique (RCRT) was applied, whichis discussed in detail e.g. in (Forsberg and Tscherning, 1997) and (Sjoberg, 2005) and which was also usedin the PCMEGA case (Scheinert et al., 2007b). In the remove step, a long-wavelength part (predicted by aglobal gravity eld model) and a short-wavelength part (predicted by topography) are removed from the originalgravity data. In the compute step, the obtained band-pass ltered gravity anomalies are transformed into geoidheights, using least-squares collocation in this study. Least-squares collocation o ers the advantage of providingerror estimates for the resulting geoid. After having carried out the compute step, the long-wavelength part andthe short-wavelength part are restored in the geoid. For the computations, we could make use of the programpackage GRAVSOFT (Forsberg et al., 2003; Tscherning, 1974), which o ers a variety of tools for the geodeticgravity eld modelling.ConclusionCombining gravity and topographic data from VISA aerogeophysical campaigns with a global gravity eldmodel a regional geoid for Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, will be presented. Studies in other regionsof Antarctica (Scheinert et al., 2007a; Scheinert et al., 2007b) have shown that a signal threshold of up to 6 mto the global gravity eld model that was used as a basis can be expected when comparing the improved geoidwith the global model up to spherical harmonic degree 120. The accuracy of the regional geoid is estimated tobe at the level of 15 cm. Considering the current data situation in Antarctica, the accuracy level of 1 dm is arealistic and appropriate goal for this area of the world. The data coverage in Antarctica will most likely besubject to major improvements when further airborne surveys are carried out. The International Polar Year2007/ 2008 provides a reasonable framework for international and interdisciplinary cooperation in that eld.SCAR-GIANT project 3 "Physical Geodesy" and IAG Commission Project 2.4 "Antarctic Geoid" work towardsthe goal of closing the gaps in the gravity data coverage and at improving the geoid in Antarctica

    Application of an inverse method to infere the velocity pattern from isochronous layers in firn

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    We present a kinematic approach to find the velocity field from dated internal-layer architecture in firn.Internal layers are isochrones and the depositional age of a layer particle is treated as a tracer.The forward problem uses two-dimensional steady-state advection of age, and conservation of mass to predict layer architecture.It thus only considers the kinematic equations and does not use any dynamic equations, an advantage for the application in firn, where rheological properties vary spatially.Different combinations of constraints on horizontal or vertical velocity properties are added.The inverse problem can be formulated as the solution of underdetermined and overdetermined systems of equations.The systems are solved using singular-value decomposition, allowing analysis of the singular-value spectrum, model resolution, and data resolution.For synthetic scenarios, the solutions of the inverse problem are evaluated by comparing the velocity-field solutions with synthetic input velocity data.Compared to conventional accumulation estimates, the new approach takes lateral advection into account, enabling improved separation of spatial and temporal variations in accumulation (deduced from the vertical velocity components). We present two glaciological applications: the determination of the migration velocity of a spatially non-stationary and highly variable accumulation pattern in a dune field, and reconstruction of past accumulation with a focus on its stationarity over time

    Die Umsetzung von Phenyl-arsin mit Thionylchlorid, Thlonyl-anilin und Sulfurylchlorid

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