Influência da calagem no estado nutricional da laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck.) cultivada em argissolo dos tabuleiros costeiros.

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Guia prático para a adubação da laranjeira com base em análises de solo e folha.

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Mineral composition of pollen using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Pollen collected by honey bees (bee pollen) is promoted as a health food supplement with a wide range of nutritional and health beneficial properties. While honey is an important source of proteins for the bee colony, pollen is the bees' main source for other important nutrients, such as minerals, fats, fibers, carbohydrates, and other substances. The composition of pollen is rather variable and depends on the botanical origin of the pollen. In this work we studied the mineral content of bee pollen of three botanical origins (Cistus ladanifer L., Rubus ulmifolius Schott, and Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) and two geographic sites in the central Portugal (Caniçal and Vale Grande). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc. Prior to ICP-AES measurement, the samples were mineralized by treatment with HNO3 and H2O2 at 100 °C until complete digestion. The analyzed elements presented levels corresponding to the usual reference range [1]. The concentrations of micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) presented characteristic profiles which differed between the three plant species, but where similar in the two geographic areas. The main minerals observed for R. ulmifolius and C. vulgaris were Fe and Mn, and Zn for C. ladanifer. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) were present at low concentrations (Table 1), indicating that there were no sources of contamination. In conclusion, the determination of micronutrients in pollen could be suitable for the identification of botanical species. The investigation of element profile, in combination with modern statistical data evaluation techniques, can be a promising approach to identify the botanical source of pollen.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Populational fluctuation and spatial distribution of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae) in a poultry house, Cascavel, Parana state, Brazil.

Abstract Knowledge of the population fluctuation and spatial distribution of pests is fundamental for establishing an appropriate control method. The population fluctuation and spatial distribution of the Alphitobius diaperinus in a poultry house in Cascavel, in the state of Parana, Brazil, was studied between October, 2001 and October 2002. Larvae and adults of the lesser mealworm were sampled weekly using Arends tube traps (n = 22) for six consecutive flock grow-outs. The temperature of the litter and of the poultry house was measured at the same locations of the tube traps. Beetle numbers increased continuously throughout all the sampling dates (average 5,137 in the first week and 18,494 insects on the sixth week). Significantly greater numbers of larvae were collected than adults (1 to 20 times in 95% of the sampling points). There was no correlation between temperature and the number of larvae and adults collected, therefore no fluctuation was observed during the sampling period. The population growth was correlated to litter re-use. The highest temperatures were observed in deep litter. The spatial distribution of larvae and adults in the poultry house was heterogeneous during the whole period of evaluation. Results suggest that monitoring in poultry houses is necessary prior to adopting and evaluating control measures due to the great variability of the insect distribution in the poultry house. Keywords: lesser mealworm, poultry house, temperature, population dynamicbitstream/item/78871/1/ID-27879.pd

Chemical analysis to promote the use of wild fruits from Mozambique

Wild fruit trees have significant cultural and socio-economic value in rural areas of Mozambique. Most of the wild fruits are seasonal and are available mainly in the wet season. Generally they have a short shelf-life and are eaten fresh or after minimal processing; the most common method of preservation is sun-drying. The fruits of Adansonia digitata, Landolphia kirkii, Salacia kraussii, Sclerocarya birrea, and Vangueria infausta were selected for this study. These fruits are the most popular, and are consumed in different districts of Mozambique, especially by children, and form part of their normal diet. Besides from eaten fresh, the fruits are mixed with sugar, pressed to make juice, as jam or a kind of dessert, and the pulp and sometimes the kernels are dried and used as flour to make porridge or a sauce. New data on nutritional components and other characteristics have been obtained. The pH, titratable acidity and the content of soluble solids in the fruit pulps were determined as these are of importance for the fruit processing industry. The pulp of all the fruits except S. kraussii had an acidic character. The organic acids citric, malic and succinic acids were found at various amounts in all pulps. The highest amounts of citric acid were found in A. digitata and L. kirkii; above 20 g/kg. Organic acids are responsible for many characteristic fruity tastes and may enhance the absorption of minerals. The contents of different mono- and disaccharides were also analysed in the pulps. The highest amounts of glucose (7.5%) and fructose (5.7%) were found in L. kirkii, while A. digitata contained the highest amount of sucrose (4.3%). The protein content was low in all the fruit pulps, as is the case in fruits in general. However, the protein content was high in the kernels of A. digitata and S. birrea, about 30 to 40% on dry matter basis. For children aged 4 to 8 years, around 80 and 67% of the adequate intake (AI) (defined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the US Institute of Medicine) could be covered by the consumption of 40 g A. digitata kernels or S. birrea kernels, respectively. The total content and relative amounts of the different essential amino acids are with a few exceptions similar to or above that recommended by the WHO for children aged 3 to10 years. The fat content was below 2% in the fruit pulps, while the fat content in A. digitata kernels was almost 40%, and S. birrea kernels about 60%. The kernels of A. digitata and S. birrea are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and constituted about 68 and 80%, respectively, of the total fat. The A. digitata kernels contained appreciable amounts of essential fatty acids; the amount of linoleic was about 30% and linolenic acid 2%. S. birrea kernels contained about 7% linoleic acid. Estimations showed that 40 g A. digitata kernels can cover the daily intake of omega-6 fatty acids for those aged 4 to 13 years, and about 90% of the requirement for pregnant women. The i same quantity of A. digitata kernels can provide 60 to 93% of the daily requirement of omega-3 fatty acids for the same groups. The fruits contained both insoluble and soluble dietary fibre. The pulp of A. digitata had the highest amount of soluble dietary fibre, around 60% (on dry matter basis), while V. infausta pulp had the highest amount of insoluble dietary fibre, around 40%. The kernels contained 3 to 5% phytic acid which may decrease the absorption of minerals. Treatment with phytase reduced the phytic acid content by 20 to 30% after only 15 minutes enzymatic incubation. Interestingly, almost 50% of the estimated original content of minerals was found in the supernatant after a few minutes’ enzyme incubation. The amount of iron in the pulps ranged from 1 to 9 mg/100 g (on dry matter basis); the highest amount being observed in S. kraussii. The highest iron content, 29 g/100 g DM, was found in whole seeds of A. digitata, 29 mg iron/100 g, and consumption of 40 g could provide more than 100% of the AI for children and 43% for pregnant women. The A. digitata pulp contained an appreciable amount of calcium, and the kernel also had high content of calcium. Consumption of 100 g of A. digitata pulp would give about 23 to 29% of the AI for children and about 37% for pregnant women. In conclusion, data from this study can be used to encourage the increased consumption of these wild fruits and kernels. In addition, the results of the analysis of the investigated fruits can form the basis for the selection of fruits for wider use, domestication, and processing to extend their shelf-life and for the manufacture of other food productsAs árvores frutíferas silvestres têm um valor cultural e socioeconômico significativo nas áreas rurais de Moçambique. A maioria das frutas silvestres são sazonais e estão disponíveis principalmente na estação chuvosa. Geralmente, eles têm uma vida útil curta e são consumidos frescos ou após processamento mínimo; o método mais comum de preservação é a secagem ao sol. Os frutos de Adansonia digitata, Landolphia kirkii, Salacia kraussii, Sclerocarya birrea e Vangueria infausta foram selecionados para este estudo. Estas frutas são as mais apreciadas, sendo consumidas em diferentes distritos de Moçambique, principalmente por crianças, e fazem parte da sua alimentação normal. Além de consumidos in natura, os frutos são misturados ao açúcar, prensados ​​para fazer suco, como geléia ou uma espécie de sobremesa, e a polpa e às vezes os grãos são secos e usados ​​como farinha para fazer mingau ou molho. Novos dados sobre componentes nutricionais e outras características foram obtidos. O pH, a acidez titulável e o teor de sólidos solúveis nas polpas dos frutos foram determinados por serem importantes para a indústria de processamento de frutas. A polpa de todos os frutos, exceto S. kraussii, apresentou caráter ácido. Os ácidos orgânicos cítrico, málico e succínico foram encontrados em várias quantidades em todas as polpas. As maiores quantidades de ácido cítrico foram encontradas em A. digitata e L. kirkii; acima de 20 g / kg. Os ácidos orgânicos são responsáveis ​​por muitos sabores frutados característicos e podem aumentar a absorção de minerais. Os conteúdos de diferentes mono- e dissacarídeos também foram analisados ​​nas polpas. As maiores quantidades de glicose (7,5%) e frutose (5,7%) foram encontradas em L. kirkii, enquanto A. digitata continha a maior quantidade de sacarose (4,3%). O teor de proteína foi baixo em todas as polpas de frutas, como é o caso das frutas em geral. No entanto, o teor de proteína foi alto nos grãos de A. digitata e S. birrea, cerca de 30 a 40% com base na matéria seca. Para crianças de 4 a 8 anos, cerca de 80 e 67% da ingestão adequada (IA) (definida pelo Food and Nutrition Board do US Institute of Medicine) poderia ser coberta pelo consumo de 40 g A. grãos digitata ou grãos de S. birrea, respectivamente. O conteúdo total e as quantidades relativas dos diferentes aminoácidos essenciais são, com algumas exceções, semelhantes ou superiores ao recomendado pela OMS para crianças de 3 a 10 anos. O teor de gordura estava abaixo de 2% nas polpas dos frutos, enquanto o teor de gordura nos grãos de A. digitata era de quase 40% e nos grãos de S. birrea cerca de 60%. Os grãos de A. digitata e S. birrea são ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados e constituem cerca de 68 e 80%, respectivamente, da gordura total. Os grãos de A. digitata continham quantidades apreciáveis ​​de ácidos graxos essenciais; a quantidade de linoléico foi de cerca de 30% e ácido linolênico de 2%. Os grãos de S. birrea continham cerca de 7% de ácido linoléico. As estimativas mostraram que 40 g de grãos de A. digitata podem cobrir a ingestão diária de ácidos graxos ômega-6 para aqueles com idade entre 4 e 13 anos, e cerca de 90% da necessidade para mulheres grávidas. A mesma quantidade de grãos de A. digitata pode fornecer 60 a 93% das necessidades diárias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 para os mesmos grupos. Os frutos continham fibra alimentar insolúvel e solúvel. A polpa de A. digitata apresentou a maior quantidade de fibra alimentar solúvel, em torno de 60% (com base na matéria seca), enquanto a polpa de V. infausta apresentou a maior quantidade de fibra alimentar insolúvel, em torno de 40%. Os grãos continham 3 a 5% de ácido fítico, que pode diminuir a absorção de minerais. O tratamento com fitase reduziu o conteúdo de ácido fítico em 20 a 30% após apenas 15 minutos de incubação enzimática. Curiosamente, quase 50% do conteúdo original estimado de minerais foi encontrado no sobrenadante após alguns minutos de incubação da enzima. A quantidade de ferro nas polpas variou de 1 a 9 mg / 100 g (com base na matéria seca); a maior quantidade observada em S. kraussii. O maior teor de ferro, 29 g / 100 g MS, foi encontrado em sementes inteiras de A. digitata, 29 mg ferro / 100 g, e o consumo de 40 g pode fornecer mais de 100% do IA para crianças e 43% para gestantes mulheres. A polpa de A. digitata continha uma quantidade apreciável de cálcio, e o grão também tinha alto teor de cálcio. O consumo de 100 g de polpa de A. digitata daria cerca de 23 a 29% do IA para crianças e cerca de 37% para mulheres grávidas. Em conclusão, os dados deste estudo podem ser usados ​​para incentivar o aumento do consumo dessas frutas silvestres e grãos. Além disso, os resultados da análise das frutas investigadas podem servir de base para a seleção de frutas para uso mais amplo, domesticação e processamento para estender sua vida de prateleira e para a fabricação de outros produtos alimentícios. (TRADUÇÃO NOSSA

Hymenoptera pollinator effect on environment

There are several studies reporting the evidence that pollinators are declining as a result of local and global environmental degradation. Operation Pollinator is an international biodiversity program, supported by Syngenta, to boost the number of pollinating insects on commercial farms. It works by creating specific habitats, tailored to local conditions and native insects. The aim of this work is to increase the ecological suitability of pollinator populations through improves food availability for pollinator employing strategies for surrounding landscape. Two cherry orchards, located in Fundão, Portugal, were studied: one was installed a patch meadow with flowery prairie with the purpose of increasing pollinator’s number; other with poor native biodiversity. It was identified the main groups of insects visiting the cherry blossoms and the surrounding flora, during the flowering cherry trees. This review was conducted through observation and analysis of pollen in pollinator’s nests, artificially placed in the orchards in order to evaluate the visiting flowers. There was a greater number of pollinating insects in the orchard with higher biodiversity and it was found that insects visited other flora along with the cherry blossoms. The Hymenoptera identified belong to genus: Andrena; Apis; Eucera; Tropinota; Anthophora; Osmia; Xylocopa. The orchard where haven’t been installed the patch meadow, shows a lower number of visiting insects as well as lower species variability. The increasing of pollinators protects the environment and increases the fruit production and quality. The findings of the sweeter fruit, with the increased number and diversity of insects leads to the conclusion that the environment benefits from the increase in pollinators with more balanced environment, it's a winning environment for everyone. The conservation of pollinator habitat can also enrich overall biodiversity and the ecosystem services, protect soil and water qualityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemical composition of bee pollen

Bee pollen, usually used as an important source of nutrients and micronutrients for the young bees in the hive, is also an important food for humans. This product is very rich in proteins, lipids, free sugars, carbohydrates, and it contains trace amounts of minerals, phenolic acids, flavonoids and a good range of vitamins. A brief look at bee pollen composition, it is easily recognised that it is a balanced food that can be used as a stand-alone food or as a nutritional supplement or even as a medicinal product. Several bioactivities, due to some of these compounds, were studied in bee pollen samples from different floral sources and the results conduce to important properties. The amount and diversity of micronutrients could induce vast benefits if used for health purposes following a complete risk assessment. Nevertheless, the results pointing towards the encouraged use of bee pollen, the risk assessment of some floral species containing toxic compounds has not been fully studied to insure the safety of consumption for all the gathered flowers, so this will also be discussed in this chapter. Admiration for its goodness and medicinal properties, bee pollen has been consumed for centuries, however, currently the efficacy and safety for all consumed products, foods, supplements or medicines is an important tool to guarantee correct quality control and essential to add value to the product. To summarise, in this chapter we will put the situation of gaps in bee pollen research into some kind of perspective, outlining some important points and discussing in more depth the implications of collecting samples, chemical composition and risk assessment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reabilitação urbana : abordando práticas sustentáveis

O ambiente urbano construído carece atualmente de novas considerações e entendimentos sobre o seu potencial. Para isto é necessário compreender quais são as necessidades e prioridades no desenvolvimento das urbes de modo a traçar uma estratégia de intervenção coincidente com as necessidades das populações. De maneira a inverter a tendência dos centros urbanos cada vez mais amorfos, pensa-se que a reabilitação é hoje em dia encarada como uma espécie de possível solução capaz de contribuir para a redução do impacte ambiental e também como oportunidade de investimento financeiro. No desenvolvimento do presente artigo, procura-se entender através da abordagem a esta tendência - relacionada com os aspetos económicos, sociais e ambientais espelhados nos princípios sustentáveis - de que maneira podem a sustentabilidade e a reabilitação do espaço construído caminhar no mesmo sentido contribuindo para um crescimento social, económico e ambiental. É ainda abordado neste artigo como referência a uma digna prática sustentável, o recente caso de regeneração urbana do Parque Olímpico planeado e pensado para receber o evento Londres2012, devido às opções tomadas e à implementação de medidas na reabilitação, reconstrução e revitalização dos espaços construídos

Urban rehabilitation towards sustainability

The sustainable concern is nowadays reflected in construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation of the building and how it can contribute to a lower environmental impact. Is intended to understand how the culture expressions forms, by the (re)construction and, of architectural styles in their inherent periods, is able to transform implicitly with creativity in the evolution of cities and societies. To reverse the amorphous urban area situation, it is necessary to intervene with sustainable geniality based on particular policies and strategies to regenerate the built space contributing to a sustainable social, economical and environmental growth and development. Why rehabilitate? What is the weight of rehabilitation on sustainability? These are some questions seeking an answer approach on the development of this paper. It is further developed as a sustainable city reference, the city of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, due to the implementation of reconstruction and rehabilitation policies and measures environmentally viable