Brazilian Cases And The Debate About Risk Communication And Governance In Areas Contaminated By Lead [experiências Brasileiras E O Debate Sobre Comunicação E Governança Do Risco Em áreas Contaminadas Por Chumbo]

This investigation focused on lead contamination case studies in Brazil. The situations studied involve communities living in Santo Amaro da Purificação and Adrianópolis, in the northeast and south of Brazil, respectively. These communities have all had to live with environmental contamination and human exposure to lead as a consequence of industrial, mining and processing activities that were conducted by the same company for decades in a manner inconsistent with modern mining and industrial standards, with little control of environmental and human health impacts. The investigation sought to analyze the strategies of risk communication to local people, and to evaluate their engagement in risk management. The methodological approach included the analysis of newspaper articles, and interviews conducted with different stakeholders, such as residents, journalists, researchers and authorities. The results indicated the need to promote public involvement in the debate and in the decision-making process. The results also confirmed the hypothesis that associative models (represented by local neighborhood associations, for instance) are important for promoting and eliciting public participation in risk management.172337349Alcântara, C.H., Usos Y Abusos Del Concepto De Gobernabilidad (1998) International Social Science Journal, (155). , http://www.diba.es/fl/fitxers/pf-050.pdf, Unesco. [acessado 2008 jul 9]. Disponível emGuivant, J.S., A Governança Dos Riscos E Os Desafios Para a Redefinição Da Arena Pública Do Brasil, , http://www.iris.ufsc.br/pdf/A%20governa%5B1%5Dpdf, Ciência, Tecnologia + Sociedade - Novos Modelos de Governança. Brasília, 06 a 11 de dezembro de 2004. [Documento da Internet] [acessado 2008 out 1]. Disponível emJasanoff, S., Martello, M.L., (2004) Earthly Politics: Local and Global In Environmental Governance, , organizadores, MassachusettsMIT PressGaudin, J.P., A Governança Moderna, Ontem E Hoje: Alguns Esclarecimentos a Partir Das Políticas Públicas Francesas, , http://www.eg.fjp.mg.gov.br/gestaourbana/arquivos/abertura/ab1.htm, Curso de Gestão Urbana das Cidades. 14 a 26 de maio de 2001. Belo Horizonte/MG: EG/FJP, WBI, LILP, ESAF, IPEA. [Documento da Internet] [acessado 2008 out 1]. Disponível emRenn, O., (2008) Risk Governance: Coping With Uncertainty In a Complex World, , London: EarthscanHorlick-Jones, T., Sime, J., Pidgeon, N., The social dynamics of environmental risk perception: Implications for risk communication and practice (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk, pp. 262-285. , Pidgeon N, Kasperson RE, Slovic P. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressRenn, O., Social amplification of risk in participation: Two case studies (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk, pp. 374-401. , Pidgeon N, Kasperson RE, Slovic P, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressKasperson, R.E., Ren, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H.S., Emel, J., Goble, R., Kasperson, J.X., Ratick, S., The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework (2005) The Social Contours of Risk: Publics, Risk Communication and The Social Amplification of Risk, pp. 99-114. , Kasperson JX, Kasperson RE, London: EarthscanFuntowicz, S., Ravetz, J., Ciência pós-normal e comunidades ampliadas de pares face aos desafios ambientais (1997) Hist Cienc Saude-Manguinhos, 4 (2), pp. 219-230di Giulio, G.M., (2006) Divulgação Científica E Comunicação De Risco: Um Olhar Sobre Adrianópolis, Vale Do Ribeira [dissertação], , Campinas (SP): Instituto de Geociências, Unicampdi Giulio, G.M., Pereira, N.M., Figueiredo, B.R., Lead contamination, the media and risk communication: A case study from the Ribeira valley, Brazil (2008) Communicating Environmental Geoscience, 305, pp. 63-74. , Liverman DGE, Pereira C, Marker B, organizadores. London: Geological Society Special Publicationsdi Giulio, G.M., Pereira, N.M., Figueiredo, B.R., O papel da mídia na construção social do risco: O caso Adrianópolis, no Vale do Ribeira (2008) História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, 15 (2), pp. 293-311Santos, B.S., Semear outras soluções - os caminhos da biodiversidade e dos conhecimentos rivais (2005), organizador, Rio De JaneiroCivilização BrasileiraDagnino, E., Olvera, A.J., Panfichi, A., Para Uma Outra Leitura Da Disputa Pela Construção Democrática Na América Latina (2005) A Disputa pela Construção Democrática na América Latina, pp. 13-91. , organizadores, Dagnino E, Olvera AJ, Panfichi A, organizadores. São Paulo: Paz e TerraAshford, N.A., Rest, K.M., Public participation in contaminated communities Center For Technology, Policy and Industrial Development, , http://web.mit.edu/ctpid/www/tl/TL-pub-PPCC.html#ab, . Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology1999. [Documento da Internet] [acessado 2008 ago 6]. Disponível emAtkinson, R., Flint, J., (2001) Accessing Hidden and Hard-toreach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies, (33). , Guildord (UK): Social Research UpdateGoffman, E., Estigma: Notas Sobre a Manipulação da Identidade Deteriorada, , Rio de Janeiro: Zahar EditoresFerreira, L.C., (2003) Os Fantasmas Do Vale: Qualidade Ambiental E Cidadania, , Campinas: Editora da UnicampPaolielo, M.M.B., Capitani, E.M., Cunha, F.G., Matsuo, T., Carvalho, M.F., Sakuma, A., Figueiredo, B.R., Exposure of children to lead and cadmium from a mining area of Brazil (2002) Environmental Research, 88 (2), pp. 120-128Paoliello, M.M.B., Capitani, E.M., Cunha, F.G., Carvalho, M.F., Matsuo, T., Sakuma, A., Figueiredo, B.R., Determinants of blood lead levels in an adult population from a mining area in Brazil (2003) Journal De Physique IV, 107 (1), pp. 127-130Cunha, F.G., Figueiredo, B.R., Paoliello, M.M.B., de Capitani, E.M., Sakuma, A.M., Human and environmental lead contamination in the Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Brazil (2005) Terrae, 2 (1-2), pp. 28-36Lammoglia, T., Figueiredo, B.R., Sakuma, A.M., Buzzo, M.L., Okada, I.A., Kira, C.S., Lead in food and soil from a mining area in Brazil and human exposure Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 2006, , Supplementary Issue dedicated to the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry, Beijing:66Carvalho, F.M., Silvany, N.A.M., Tavares, T.M., Costa, A.C.A., Chaves, C.D.R., Nascimento, L.D., Reis, M.A., Chumbo no sangue de crianças e passivo ambiental de uma fundição de chumbo no Brasil (2003) Revista Panam Salud Publica, 13 (1), pp. 19-23dos Anjos, J.A.S.A., (2003) Avaliação Da Eficiência De Uma Zona Alagadiça (wetland) No Controle Da Poluição Por Metais Pesados: O Caso Da Plumbum Em Santo Amaro Da Purificação/BA [tese], , São Paulo (SP): Escola Politécnica, USPAvaliação De Risco À Saúde Humana Por Metais Pesados, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/cap1_introducao.pdf, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS)., Santo Amaro da Purificação - Bahia. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde (MS)2003. [Documento da Internet] [acessado 2008 jun 18]. Disponível em:Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R.E., Slovic, P., (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk, , organizadores, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressHerber, M.W., Underlying concerns in land-use conflicts - the role of place-identity in risk percepetion (2004) Environmental Science & Policy, 7 (2), pp. 109-116Rowe, G., Frewer, L.J., (2004) Evaluating Public Participation Exercises: A Research Agenda. Science, Technology & Human Values, 29 (4), pp. 512-55

Communication And Risk Governance: The Brazilian Experience In Areas Contaminated By Lead [comunicação E Governança Do Risco: A Experiência Brasileira Em áreas Contaminadas Por Chumbo]

Considering the contemporary debate on themes involving risk situations in contaminated areas, some relevant concepts about risk communication and risk governance are discussed in this article. A critical analysis of two case studies on communities exposed to lead Brazil is presented: in Adrianópolis (Ribeira Valley, State of Paraná) and Santo Amaro da Purificação (State of Bahia).132283297Alcântara, C.H., (2008) Usos y abusos del concepto de governabilidad 1998, , http://www.diba.es/fl/fitxers/pf-050.pdf, Disponível em: Acesso em: 9 julAshford, N.A., Rest, K.M., (1999) Public participation in contaminated communities, , http://web.mit.edu/ctpid/www/tl/TL-pub-PPCC.html#ab, Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Disponível em: Acesso em: 6 ago. 2008Boholm, A., Editorial: new perspectives on risk communication: uncertainty in a complex society (2008) Journal of Risk Research, 11 (1-2), pp. 1-3(2008) Avaliação de risco à saúde humana por metais pesados: Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/saude/area.cfm?id_area=1257, Brasil. Brasília, DF: 2002. Disponível em: Acesso em: 18 jun(2006) Programa Nacional de vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a solo contaminado, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/programa_vigisolo.pdf, Brasil. Brasília, DF, Disponível em: Acesso em: 25 mar. 2010(2007) Diretrizes para elaboração de estudo de avaliação de risco à saúde humana por exposição a contaminantes químicos, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portl/arquivos/pdf/diretrizes_%20avaliacao_%20de_%20risco.pdf, Brasil, Brasília, DF: Disponível em: Acesso em: 18 nov. 2008(2010) Saúde Brasil 2007, uma análise da situação de saúde, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/capitulo_12_saudebrasil.pdf, BRASIL. Brasília, DF: 2007b. Disponível em: Acesso em: 25 mar(2010) Diretrizes para a priorização de áreas com população sob risco de exposição a solo contaminado, , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/vigisolo_diretrizes_pop.pdf, Brasil. Brasília, DF: 2008. Disponível em: Acesso em: 26 marConselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA (2009) Resolução 420, de 28 de dezembro de 2009., , Brasil. Brasília, DFCarvalho, F.M., Chumbo no sangue de crianças e passivo ambiental de uma fundição de chumbo no Brasil (2003) Revista Panam Salud Publica (Panam. J. Public Health), 13 (1), pp. 19-23Cornwall, A., (2008) Democratizing engagement: what the UK can learn from international experience, , London: DEMOSCovello, V., Sandman, P.M., Risk communication: evolution and revolution (2001) Solutions to an environment in peril, pp. 164-178. , WOLBARST, A. (Ed.). John Hopkins University PressCunha, F.G., Human and environmental lead contamination in the Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Brazil (2005) Terrae, 2 (1-2), pp. 28-36Dagnino, E., Olivera, A.J., Panfichi, A., Para uma outra leitura da disputa pela construção democrática na América Latina (2006) A disputa pela construção democrática na América Latina, pp. 13-91. , (Orgs.). Dagnino, E., Olivera, A. J.Panfichi, A.. São Paulo: Paz e TerraDavis, S.H., Public involvement in environmental decision making: some reflections on the western european experience (1996) SOCIAL policy & resettlement division environment department, , Washington, DC: The Work BankDi Giulio, G.M., (2006) Divulgação científica e comunicação de risco: um olhar sobre Adrianópolis, Vale do Ribeira. 2006, p. 187. , Dissertação (Mestrado em Política Científica e Tecnológica)-Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CampinasDi Giulio, G.M., Pereira, N.M., Figueiredo, B.R., Lead contamination, the media and risk communication: a case study from the Ribeira Valley, Brazil (2008) Communicating environmental geoscience, 305, pp. 63-74. , Liverman, D. G. E.Pereira, C.Marker, B. (Org.). London: Geological SocietyDi Giulio, G.M., Pereira, N.M., Figueiredo, B.R., O papel da mídia na construção social do risco: o caso Adrianópolis, no Vale do Ribeira (2008) História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 15 (2), pp. 293-311Dos Anjos, J.A.S.A., Avaliação da eficiência de uma zona alagadiça (wetland) no controle da poluição por metais pesados: o caso da Plumbum em Santo Amaro da Purificação, BA (2003), p. 301. , Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia)-Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2003Figueiredo, B.R., A contaminação ambiental e humana por chumbo no Vale do Ribeira (SP-PR) (2005) ComCiência SBPC/LABJOR, 2005, , http://www.comciencia.br/reportagens/2005/11/09.shtml, Disponível em: Acesso em: 12 novFlynn, J., Nuclear stigma (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk, pp. 326-352. , Pidgeon, N.Kasperson, R. E.Slovic, P. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressFlynn, J., Slovic, P., Avaliações dos peritos e do público acerca dos riscos tecnológicos (2000) Cultura científica e participação pública, pp. 109-128. , Gonçalves, M. E. (Org). Oeiras: Celta EditoraFreitas, C.M., Problemas ambientais, saúde coletiva e ciências sociais (2003) Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 8 (1), pp. 137-150Freitas, C.U., (2004) Vigilância de população exposta a chumbo no município de Bauru, São Paulo: investigação de fatores de exposição e avaliação da dinâmica institucional, p. 258. , Tese (Doutorado)- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2004Funtowicz, S., Ravetz, J., Ciência pós-normal e comunidades ampliadas de pares face aos desafios ambientais (1997) História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 4 (2), pp. 219-230. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php-?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59701997000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso, Disponível em: Acesso em: 01 out. 2008Guivant, J.S., (2004) A governança dos riscos e os desafios para a redefinição da arena pública do Brasil, , http://www.nisra.ufsc.br/pdf/A%20governa%5B1%5D...pdf, CIÊNCIA, Tecnologia + Sociedade: novos modelos de governança. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University PressPorto, M.F.S., Freitas, C.M., Vulnerability and industrial hazards in industrializing countries: an integrative approach (2003) Futures, 35, pp. 717-736Renn, O., (2008) Risk governance: coping with uncertainty in a complex world, , London: EarthscanRowe, G., Frewer, L.J., Evaluating public participation exercises: a research agenda (2004) Science, Technology & Human Values, 29 (4), pp. 512-556Santos, B.S., (2005) (Orgs). Semear outras soluções: os caminhos da biodiversidade e dos conhecimentos rivais, , Rio de Janeiro: Civilização BrasileiraSão Paulo, (2010) Assembléia Legislativa, , http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/legislacao/estadual/leis/2009_lei_13577.pdf, (Estado). Lei n° 13.577, de 8 de julho de 2009. Disponível em: Acesso em: 25 marSchlag, A.K., (2006) Expert and lay representations of GM food: implications for risk communication. 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Participative Risk Communication As An Important Tool In Medical Geology Studies

Risk situations related to brownfield sites, contaminated lands and groups exposed to toxic substances are common in South America. In some of these situations, there is a lack of institutional response to the risks and consequences coupled with a failure to communicate the risks to those affected. Drawing on empirical research in 4 South American communities exposed to lead contamination, we investigated which strategies of risk communication (RC) have been used by researchers to communicate the risks of contamination, and the possible impacts of these strategies. Considering that risk situations of contaminated lands are characterized by uncertainty/strain/controversy, and that their residents are in a collective stress situation because of the physical conditions in their neighborhood and possible impacts on their health, in our study we argue for the need of participative RC in medical geology studies. The participative RC is based on cultural/social elements, trust, open dialogue and collective learning process to implement policies for mitigating risks and for a sustainable future. However, the analysis of these cases suggests that the efforts of RC have focused only on information transmission and public persuasion. We noticed that RC did not promote an open dialogue, or any discussion about the life styles of locals, which gave the impression that research results have not been properly released, and therefore, the general understanding (by assorted actors) is that environmental/health research is not being undertaken for the public good. 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Gonçalves (Ed.)Freitas, C.U., Vigilância de população exposta a chumbo no município de Bauru-São Paulo: investigação de fatores de exposição e avaliação da dinâmica institucional (2004), Doctorate Thesis, Public Health College, University of São Paulo, São PauloFreitas, C.M., Gómez, C.M., Technological risk analysis from the perspective of the social studies (1997) História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 3 (3), pp. 485-504. , (Nov. 1996-Fev.1997)Freitas, C.U., De Capitani, M.F.H., Gouveia, N., Simonetti, M.H., Paula e Silve, M.R., Kira, C.S., Sakuma, A.M., Abreu, M.H., Lead exposure in an urban community: investigation of risk factors and assessment of the impact of lead assessment measures (2007) Environmental Research, 103, pp. 338-344Gnaiger, A., Schrofferegger, G., Tool-kit scenario, , http://www.uibk.ac.at/fbi/download/fbibuchweb1.pdf, Available:Hannigan, J.A., (1995) Environmental Sociology-A Social Construction Perspective, , Routledge, LondonKasperson, R., The social amplification of risk: a conceptual framework (2005) The Social Contours of Risk: Publics, Risk Communication and the Social Amplification of Risk, pp. 99-114. , Earthscan, London, J. 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