2 research outputs found
DEVICE ASSOCIATED HEALTHCARE INFECTION AND SEPSIS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
U jedinicama intenzivnoga lijeÄenja (JIL) intrahospitalne infekcije (nozokomijalne ili bolniÄke infekcije) (IHI) i sepsa su prosjeÄno 5-10 puta uÄestalije u usporedbi s drugim bolniÄkim odjelima. Predispoziciju tome Äine mnogi intrinziÄni i ekstrinziÄni faktori. MeÄu njima su i neizostavne metode invazivnoga lijeÄenja (IT). UÄestalost IHI nastalih kao posljedica primjene IT-a (IHI-IT) u JIL-u iznosi 19 %. Incidencija IHI-IT-a je razliÄita i specifi Äna prema pojedinoj vrsti JIL-a (2-49 %). NajÄeÅ”Äe IHI-IT su kateter sepse povezane s primjenom centralnog venskog katetera (IHI-CVK), pneumonije povezane s primjenom mehaniÄke ventilacije (IHI-VAP), infekcije urinarnog trakta kao posljedice uvedenog urinarnog katetera (IHI-UK) i infekcije pridružene kirurÅ”kim ranama (IHI-KR). IHI-KR se najÄeÅ”Äe, zbog osobite specifi Änosti, opisuju odvojeno od IHI-IT-a. U posljednjih godina u izolatima kultura IHI-IT-a dominiraju gram-negativni bacili (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae i Acinetobacter spp) u odnosu na gram-pozitivne bakterije (Staphylococcusaureus, Enterococcus spp), nerijetko rezistentnih sojeva. PosljediÄno, gljiviÄne infekcije urotrakta, povezane s IHI-UK pokazuju sve viÅ”u incidenciju. Infekcije i/ili sepse uzrokovane invazivnim lijeÄenjem dodatno otežavaju stanje intenzivnoga bolesnika, usporavaju njegov oporavak, produžavaju dužinu hospitalizacije i poveÄavaju mortalitet. IHI-IT su od posebnog interesa bolniÄkih i nacionalnih povjerenstava za nadzor infektivnih bolesti radi unaprjeÄenja cjelokupne sigurnosti i kvalitete lijeÄenja bolesnika u JIL-u te racionalizacije ukupnih sredstava nužnih u lijeÄenju bolesnika s IHI-IT-em. PraÄenje uÄestalosti IHI-IT u JIL-u je najkorisnija intra- i interhospitalna metoda praÄenja uÄinkovitosti
nadzora i provedenih preventivnih mjera. Kao takva podliježe uniformnoj standardizaciji prema jedinstvenim meÄunarodnim
protokolima CDC-a (engl. Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention; u SAD-u NHSN - āThe National Healthcare Safety Networkā ili u Europi TESSy - āThe European Surveillance System for Communicable Diseaseā) sadržanima u dokumentaciji svakog bolniÄkog povjerenstva za praÄenje infektivnih bolesti.The incidence of healthcare-associated infections and sepsis (HAIs) is 5-10 times higher in patients in intensive care units (ICUs) than in those at other hospital departments. Predisposition for these lies in many intrinsic (disease severity, loss of immunity) and extrinsic factors (frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics with consequent presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens). The majority of HAIs in ICUs are associated with the use of invasive devices (DA-HAIs; device-associated healthcare-associated infections) (19%). Their incidence differs among specifi c types of ICUs (2%-49%). The most frequent DA-HAI are central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLA-BSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and surgical site infections (SSI). SSI is most often described as a distinct and separate entity of HAIs in ICUs. Recently, gram-negative bacilli (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp.) are more frequently isolated in DA-HAIs than gram-positive ones (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp.), often present as resistant strains. On the other hand, urinary or/and systemic infections tend to increase. DA-HAIs endanger and slow down patient recovery, prolong hospital stay, and generally increase the mortality rate. DA-HAIs are of special interest of the Hospital Committee Center for Infective Disease in order to improve patient safety and reduce total cost allocated for prevention of DA-HAIs. DA-HAI rate is the most useful intra- and inter-hospital measure to compare surveillance and effectiveness of preventive procedures among different ICU types
THE ATTITUDE OF THE SENIOR GRADE MEDICAL SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS CONTRACEPTION AND NURSES CONTRIBUTION IN THE EDUCATION
Cilj istraživanja
Ovim istraživanjem smo željeli utvrditi stavove uÄenika o kontracepcijskim sredstvima, postoje li razlike u stavovima u odnosu na spol te ima li razlike u stavovima u odnosu na mjesto Å”kolovanja.
Ispitanici i metode
Istraživanjem su obuhvaÄeni uÄenici zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih medicinskih Å”kola smjera medicinska sestra ā tehniÄar opÄe njege u gradovima Pula, Osijek i Split. Sudjelovalo je 180 ispitanika. Istraživanje je provedeno u svibnju i lipnju 2018. godine.
U ovom istraživanju je koriÅ”ten Upitnik stavova o kontracepciji (Contraceptive Atitude Scale- CAS). Upitnik se sastoji od trideset tvrdnji za koju svaki ispitanik treba zaokružiti svoje slaganje ili neslaganje. PonuÄeni odgovori su u rasponu od āuopÄe nisam suglasan/aā, ānisam suglasan/aā, āneodluÄan/aā, āsuglasan/aā do āu potpunosti sam suglasnaā.
U radu se koriste metode grafiÄkog i tabelarnog prikazivanja, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, T-test, te Mann- Whitney U test. Metodama grafiÄkog i tabelarnog prikazivanja prikazana je struktura odgovora ispitanika. Prije provoÄenja testiranja razlika, upotrebom Kolmogorov- Smirnov testa testirana je normalnost distribucije gdje u sluÄaju utvrÄenja normalnosti se koristi T-test, a u suprotnom Mann- Whitney U test. Analiza je raÄena u statistiÄkom programu STATISTICA 12. ZakljuÄak je donesen pri razini signifikantnosti od 5% (p<0,05).
Rezultati
Prema spolu ispitanika, može se utvrditi da je najveÄi broj uÄenica (131; 75,72%), dok su uÄenici zastupljeni u uzorku s 42 ispitanika (24,48%). Testiranjem razlike u podržavanju koriÅ”tenja kontracepcijskih sredstava s obzirom na mjesto Å”kolovanja nije utvrÄena statistiÄki znaÄajna razlika (F=0,60; p=0,553). ProsjeÄna razina podržavanja koriÅ”tenja kontracepcijskih sredstava muÅ”karaca je za 0,22 boda manja u odnosu na žene. Testiranjem razlike je utvrÄeno da je rijeÄ o statistiÄki znaÄajnoj razlici (t=0,274; p=0,007). MuÅ”karci, u odnosu na žene imaju negativniji stav prema kontracepciji.
ZakljuÄak
Adolescencija je jedno od najstresnijih razdoblja života. Promjene koje mlada osoba doživljava su kako fiziÄke prirode ali psihiÄke i emocionalne. SaÄuvati tjelesno i mentalno zdravlje adolescenata je zadatak roditelja, nastavnika, zdravstvenih radnika kao i Å”ire druÅ”tvene zajednice. Reproduktivno zdravlje je na osobit naÄin ugroženo. U svijetu turbulentnih promjena ovaj zadatak je veliki izazov. Kroz kontinuiranu edukaciju zapoÄetu u ranoj djeÄjoj dobi, mlada osoba može prepoznati opasnosti te im se oduprijeti i saÄuvati svoje reproduktivno zdravlje.Research goal
In this study we aimed to observe and define the attitudes of medical high-school students about contraceptive measures and whether there are any differences in opinions and attitudes between genders or different sites of education.
Respondents and Methods
This survey included final year students of secondary medical schools (nurse and general nursing technician education) in the towns of Pula, Osijek and Split, Croatia. There were 180 participants enrolled. Study was conducted during May and June 2018.
In this study, the Contraceptive Attitude Scale (CAS) was used. The questionnaire consists of thirty claims for which each respondent is asked to provide his or her agreement or disagreement. The responses offered range from "I disagree completely," "I disagree," "Undecided," "I agree", "I agree completely ".
T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used following the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov distribution normality test. The analysis was carried out using the STATISTICA 12 software. The conclusion was reached at 5% confidence interval (p <0.05).
Results
Female pupils were more frequent in our sample (131; 75.72%). There was no statistically significant difference (F = 0.60; p = 0.553) in the positive attitude about contraceptive use between different education sites. The mean level of supporting attitude regarding contraceptive in male pupils in our sample was by 0.22 points lower than in female ones, a statistically significant difference (t = 0.274, p = 0.007). Men, compared to women, have a more negative attitude toward contraception.
Conclusion
Adolescence is often described as one of the most stressful periods of life. Changes that a young person experiences are both physical and psychological (emotional). Preserving the physical and mental health of adolescents is the primary task of parents, but also teachers, health workers and wider community as a whole. Reproductive health is particularly delicate field. In the world of turbulent changes this task is a big challenge. Through continuous education started at early childhood, youth can recognize dangers and resist and preserve their reproductive health