Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand.

Contamination with multiple mycotoxins was found in rice and barley. BEA, DAS, ZEA, and aflatoxins were the mycotoxins most frequently found in samples. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for consumers

Natural substances as new potential strategies for the treatment of Leishmaniosisin Dogs

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania, infecting numerous mammal species. Canine leishmaniasis is potentially zoonotic and causes severe fatal disease in dogs. The discovery of new natural products extracted from medicinal plants or compounds derived from them, such as quercetin, hesperidin, vitamin c, horse chestnut extract and selenium could represent a valuable source of new medicinal agents for treating leishmaniasis in dogs

Multiclass analysis of antimicrobial drugs in shrimp muscle by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A reliable, selective and rapid multiclass method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 55 antibacterial drug residues in shrimp muscle samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The investigated compounds comprise of eight different classes, namely fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and synergistic agents, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, penicillins, nitroimidazole and amphenicols. A simple liquid extraction procedure was developed consisting of extraction with a mixture of acetonitrile and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), followed by a defatting step with n-hexane. Chromatographic conditions were optimized, obtaining a running time <10 min. Mean recoveries ranged from 74.3% to 113.3%. For precision test, relative standard deviations (RSD, %) were lower than 15.0% and 24.0% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 ng/g and 3.0–10.0 ng/g, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to real samples and the results demonstrated that enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and doxycycline were quantifiable in shrimp samples. Keywords: Antimicrobial drugs, Multiclass analysis, Shrimp, UHPLC-MS/M

Storage Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Rice Samples Commercialized in Thailand

The study focused on the examination of the different fungal species isolated from commercial rice samples, applying conventional culture techniques, as well as different molecular and phylogenic analyses to confirm phenotypic identification. Additionally, the mycotoxin production and contamination were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 40 rice samples were obtained covering rice berry, red jasmine rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and white rice. The blotting paper technique applied on the 5 different types of rice samples detected 4285 seed-borne fungal infections (26.8%) for 16,000 rice grains. Gross morphological data revealed that 19 fungal isolates belonged to the genera Penicillium/Talaromyces (18 of 90 isolates; 20%) and Aspergillus (72 of 90 isolates; 80%). To check their morphologies, molecular data (fungal sequence-based BLAST results and a phylogenetic tree of the combined ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2 datasets) confirmed the initial classification. The phylogenic analysis revealed that eight isolates belonged to P. citrinum and, additionally, one isolate each belonged to P. chermesinum, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and A. tubingensis. Furthermore, four isolates of T. pinophilus and one isolate of each taxon were identified as Talaromyces (T. radicus, T. purpureogenum, and T. islandicus). The results showed that A. niger and T. pinophilus were two commonly occurring fungal species in rice samples. After subculturing, ochratoxin A (OTA), generated by T. pinophilus code W3-04, was discovered using LC-MS/MS. In addition, the Fusarium toxin beauvericin was detected in one of the samples. Aflatoxin B1 or other mycotoxins, such as citrinin, trichothecenes, and fumonisins, were detected. These preliminary findings should provide valuable guidance for hazard analysis critical control point concepts used by commercial food suppliers, including the analysis of multiple mycotoxins. Based on the current findings, mycotoxin analyses should focus on A. niger toxins, including OTA and metabolites of T. pinophilus (recently considered a producer of emerging mycotoxins) to exclude health hazards related to the traditionally high consumption of rice by Thai people

Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus)

: Robenacoxib (RX) is a veterinary cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor drug. It has never been tested on birds and is only labelled for use in cats and dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess its pharmacokinetics in geese after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administrations. Four-month healthy female geese (n = 8) were used. Geese were subjected to a two-phase, single-dose (2 mg/kg IV, 4 mg/kg PO), open, longitudinal study design with a four-month washout period between the IV and the PO phases. Blood was collected from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h. Plasma RX concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analysed using ThothProTM 4.3 software in a non-compartmental approach. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and total clearance were 0.35 h, 0.34 L/kg, and 0.68 L/h/kg, respectively. For the PO route, the mean peak plasma concentration was 6.78 μg/mL at 0.50 h. The t1/2λz was very short and significantly different between the IV and PO administrations (0.35 h IV vs. 0.99 h PO), suggesting the occurrence of a flip-flop phenomenon. The Cl values corrected for the F% were significantly different between IV and PO administrations. It might have been a consequence of the longitudinal study design and the altered physiological and environmental conditions after a 4-month washout period. The absolute oral F% computed with the AUC method surpassed 150%, but after normalizing it to t1/2λz, it was 46%. In conclusion, the administration of RX might not be suitable for geese, due to its short t1/2λz

Metronidazole pharmacokinetics in geese (Anser anser domesticus) after intravenous and oral administrations

Metronidazole (MTZ) is a 5-nitroimidazole anti-bacterial and anti-protozoal drug. In human and companion animal medicine, MTZ remains widely used due to its effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. In farm animals, however, MTZ is currently prohibited in several countries due to insufficient data on nitroimidazoles. The purpose of this study was to assess its pharmacokinetics (PK) in geese after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administrations. Fifteen-month old healthy male geese (n = 8) were used. Geese were subjected to a two-phase, single-dose (10 mg/kg IV, 50 mg/kg PO), open, longitudinal study design with a two-week washout period between the IV and PO phases. Blood was drawn from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 48 h. Plasma MTZ concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analyzed using PKanalix (TM) software with a non-compartmental approach. MTZ was still quantifiable and well above the LLOQ at 24 h after both routes of administration. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and total clearance were 5.47 h, 767 mL/kg, and 96 mL/h/kg, respectively. For the PO route, the bioavailability was high (85%), and the mean peak plasma concentration was 60.27 mu g/mL at 1 h. When parameters were normalized for the dose, there were no statistically significant differences for any of the PK parameters between the two routes of administration. The study shows that oral administration of MTZ seems to be promising in geese, although comprehensive research on its pharmacodynamics and multiple-dose studies are necessary before its adoption in geese can be further considered

Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in sheep after single subcutaneous (SC), oral (PO), and intravenous (IV) administration. Five healthy female sheep underwent a three-phase parallel study design with a washout period of 4 weeks, in which sheep received a 4 mg/kg SC dose in phase 1, a 4 mg/kg PO administration in phase 2, and a 2 mg/kg IV administration in phase 3. Plasma RX concentrations were measured over a 48 h period for each treatment using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the PK parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 2.64 h, 0.077 L/kg, and 0.056 L/h kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations following SC and PO administrations were 7.04 and 3.01 mu g/mL, respectively. The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45.98% and 16.58%, respectively. The SC route may be proposed for use in sheep. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep

Pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in dogs: can feeding affect it? A preliminary study

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Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in geese

Funding Information: This work was supported by University of Pisa (ex 60%). The authors acknowledge ThothPro (Gdansk, Poland) for supplying the software used for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The authors are grateful to Mr. Zbigniew Kołodziej (Majątek Rutka, Puchaczow, Poland) for assistance conducting animal experiment and for supplying animals and facilities. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Victoria Llewelyn (Flinders University, Australia) for the scientific and English editing of the manuscript. Funding Information: This work was supported by University of Pisa (ex 60%). The authors acknowledge ThothPro (Gdansk, Poland) for supplying the software used for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The authors are grateful to Mr. Zbigniew Ko?odziej (Maj?tek Rutka, Puchaczow, Poland) for assistance conducting animal experiment and for supplying animals and facilities. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Victoria Llewelyn (Flinders University, Australia) for the scientific and English editing of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics published by John Wiley &Sons Ltd.The study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous and oral dose (20 mg/kg) in geese. In addition, two multiple-dose simulations have been performed to investigate the predicted plasma concentration after either a 10 or 20 mg/kg daily administration repeated consecutively for 5 days. Ten geese were enrolled in a two-phase cross-over study with a washout period of two weeks. All animals were treated intravenously and orally with doxycycline, and blood samples were collected up to 48 h after drug administration. Sample analysis was performed using a validated HPLC-UV method. A non-compartmental approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A long elimination half-life was observed (13 h). The area under the curve was statistically different between the two treatments, with the oral bioavailability being moderate (43%). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (%T>MIC) during the 48 h treatment period in the present study (71%) suggests that doxycycline appears to have therapeutic efficacy against some Mycoplasma species in the goose. The multiple-dose simulations showed a low accumulation index. A dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days seemed to be adequate for a good therapeutic efficacy without reaching unnecessarily high plasma concentrations.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Flupirtine: Preliminary Pharmacokinetics in the Donkey

Flupirtine (FLU) is a nonopioid analgesic drug with no antipyretic or antiphlogistic effects labeled for humans. It does not induce the side effects associated with the classical drugs used as pain relievers (Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and opioids) in human beings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administrations in healthy donkeys. Six Amiata breed adult jennies were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using an open, 2 × 2 Latin-square crossover study design. Group 1 (n = 3) received a single dose of 1 mg/kg of FLU injected IV into the jugular vein. Group 2 (n = 3) received FLU (5 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. The washout period was 1 week. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, and 48 hours, and plasma was then analyzed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. No adverse effects were noticed in either administration group. After IV and PO administrations, FLU was detectable in plasma for up to 24 hours. The mean elimination half-life was longer after PO (10.81 hours) than after IV (0.90 hours) administration. The clearance was fast, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve was small, findings consistent with a low PO bioavailability of about 20%. The pharmacokinetic trend of FLU in donkeys was different from those earlier reported in cats and dogs. Further studies are needed to understand if this active ingredient may be used in donkeys