45 research outputs found

    Éléments d’aide au contrôle de gestion et au management de l’agrumiculture au Maroc

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    L’étude est dĂ©diĂ©e aux grandes entreprises agrumicoles structurĂ©es et dĂ©centralisĂ©es. Elle fournit les Ă©lĂ©ments agronomiques et financiers pour un modèle de contrĂ´le de gestion de type bottom-up concevable Ă  partir de l’expĂ©rience sur la nouvelle agrumiculture nĂ©e du plan Maroc Vert. Le modèle suppose la transparence, un travail en partenariat fermes-contrĂ´le de gestion, un système d’information fiable et une fluiditĂ© de circulation de l’information. En agriculture, il n’y a pas d’analogie parfaite avec l’industrie concernant l’évaluation des Ă©carts de performance par rapport aux objectifs de gestion affichĂ©s par le budget. Dans l’industrie, les mĂŞmes inputs et le mĂŞme process produisent en gĂ©nĂ©ral le mĂŞme rĂ©sultat, ce qui facilite amplement l’analyse des Ă©carts constatĂ©s et aide beaucoup Ă  proposer des mesures correctives. En agriculture, avec une mĂŞme quantitĂ© d’inputs (eau, engrais, pesticides), et un mĂŞme process de production (porte greffe, variĂ©tĂ©, densitĂ©, taille), le rĂ©sultat peut ĂŞtre très diffĂ©rent selon l’annĂ©e climatique, la rĂ©gion ou le type de sol. Par consĂ©quent, le plus important dans cette activitĂ©, n’est pas l’écart de performance lui-mĂŞme, mais de pouvoir expliquer la part de cet Ă©cart qui revient Ă  la gestion et celle due aux facteurs externes non maitrisables du milieu. Une contre-performance sur la productivitĂ© ou la qualitĂ© peut ĂŞtre la consĂ©quence d’effets pervers d’un Chergui (chute des fruits, marbrures, coup de soleil) alors qu’aucune modification n’a Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©e au process usuel de production. De mĂŞme qu’une excellente performance est parfois en partie le fait d’une annĂ©e climatique favorable et d’un bon prix sur le marchĂ© et non d’un effort particulier de gestion. Cette Ă©norme difficultĂ© Ă  prĂ©voir avec une certaine confiance, ce que sera le comportement du verger d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre, rend donc malaisĂ© l’usage de « normes Â» figĂ©es pour le contrĂ´le de gestion. C’est pourquoi dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, l’effort a plus portĂ© sur l’exploration des causes des Ă©carts autour des chiffres moyens que sur les chiffres eux-mĂŞmes. Au Maroc, on est en prĂ©sence d’un système Ă©conomique libĂ©ral certes, mais la surproduction avec l’idĂ©e d’ensuite vendre les agrumes « a dime a dozen Â» ou de laisser la main invisible d’Adam Smith rĂ©guler le marchĂ© n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© un objectif du plan Maroc Vert. Le but recherchĂ©, est plutĂ´t de produire pour ensuite exporter davantage afin d’amĂ©liorer la balance commerciale du pays. Aujourd’hui, on est en situation d’offre excessive en petits fruits aggravĂ©e par un Export qui peine Ă  monter en charge, il est donc lĂ©gitime que chacun cherche Ă  tirer son Ă©pingle du jeu. Faute de pouvoir agir sur les prix, la mission basique du contrĂ´le de gestion est donc de maĂ®triser au moins les charges. MĂŞme si la vraie solution pour le Maroc, aurait Ă©tĂ© plutĂ´t d’instaurer un super-contrĂ´le de gestion innovant de type filière avec notamment des prĂ©rogatives de gel provisoire des plantations, le temps de conquĂ©rir de nouveaux marchĂ©s. Ce que nous craignions est maintenant arrivĂ© en 2018, c'est-Ă -dire finir après autant d’investissements par vendre la clĂ©mentine de qualitĂ© sur le marchĂ© local Ă  10cts/kg. L’étude suggère entre autres, comment sortir de cette pĂ©riode trouble et surmonter la crise avec un minimum de dĂ©gâts pour le producteur. Mots clĂ©s : ContrĂ´le de gestion, agrumes, MarocThe study concerns the large structured and decentralized citrus fruit companies. It provides the agronomic and financial tools for management control. The present management model is based on a bottom-up design. It is inspired from the new citrus cropping experience born from the Green Morocco plan. The model assumes transparency, farm and management control partnership, reliable information system and fluidity of information. In agriculture, there is no perfect analogy with the industry sector concerning the assessment of performance gaps compared to the management objectives reported by the budget. In industry, the same inputs combined to the same process generally produce the same result. Thus, the analysis of the observed performance gaps become easier and corrective measures can be suggested. In agriculture, the result can’t be similar even the same amount of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides), and the same production process (rootstock, cultivar, density, pruning) have been used. This situation is related to climatic year, location and soil type. Therefore, the most important in agricultural activity, is to explain the causes of the performance gap. Then, to classify these causes into manageable factors and not manageable factors of the environment. A low performance on productivity or quality can be related to the negative effect of “Chergui” wind (fall, physical damage, sunburn, ...) even we keep the same usual production process. Also, an excellent performance is sometimes related to a very good climate year and not to a specific management effort. The enormous difficulty of predicting confidently the orchard behavior, for each year, constrains the establishment of fixed "standards" useful for management control. Thus, in the present study, we try to explore causes of deviations around average numbers. In Morocco, a liberal economy is established. However, the overproduction with the idea of selling the citrus fruit as dime a dozen or leaving the Adam Smith invisible hand regulates the market has never been the goal of the Green Morocco Plan. Such plan aims to produce and to export more in order to improve the country's trade balance. Today, we are in a situation of excessive clementine supply aggravated by the difficulty to increase export quantity. This situation pushes each producer to perform well. Regarding the difficulty to regulate prices, the basic mission of the management control is to master at least the production costs. The true solution would to introduce an innovative super-control management of citrus sector. This management would include a provisional plantation freezing waiting for finding new markets. In fact, the feared problem is occurred in 2018. Indeed, high quality clementine has been sold at 10 cts kg-1. on the local market after many investments of the producer. The study aims to give suggestions to producers on how to manage this troubled period and overcome the crisis with minimal damage. Key words: Management control, citrus fruits, Morocc

    Éléments d’aide au contrôle de gestion et au management de l’agrumiculture au Maroc

    Get PDF
    L’étude est dĂ©diĂ©e aux grandes entreprises agrumicoles structurĂ©es et dĂ©centralisĂ©es. Elle fournit les Ă©lĂ©ments agronomiques et financiers pour un modèle de contrĂ´le de gestion de type bottom-up concevable Ă  partir de l’expĂ©rience sur la nouvelle agrumiculture nĂ©e du plan Maroc Vert. Le modèle suppose la transparence, un travail en partenariat fermes-contrĂ´le de gestion, un système d’information fiable et une fluiditĂ© de circulation de l’information. En agriculture, il n’y a pas d’analogie parfaite avec l’industrie concernant l’évaluation des Ă©carts de performance par rapport aux objectifs de gestion affichĂ©s par le budget. Dans l’industrie, les mĂŞmes inputs et le mĂŞme process produisent en gĂ©nĂ©ral le mĂŞme rĂ©sultat, ce qui facilite amplement l’analyse des Ă©carts constatĂ©s et aide beaucoup Ă  proposer des mesures correctives. En agriculture, avec une mĂŞme quantitĂ© d’inputs (eau, engrais, pesticides), et un mĂŞme process de production (porte greffe, variĂ©tĂ©, densitĂ©, taille), le rĂ©sultat peut ĂŞtre très diffĂ©rent selon l’annĂ©e climatique, la rĂ©gion ou le type de sol. Par consĂ©quent, le plus important dans cette activitĂ©, n’est pas l’écart de performance lui-mĂŞme, mais de pouvoir expliquer la part de cet Ă©cart qui revient Ă  la gestion et celle due aux facteurs externes non maitrisables du milieu. Une contre-performance sur la productivitĂ© ou la qualitĂ© peut ĂŞtre la consĂ©quence d’effets pervers d’un Chergui (chute des fruits, marbrures, coup de soleil) alors qu’aucune modification n’a Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©e au process usuel de production. De mĂŞme qu’une excellente performance est parfois en partie le fait d’une annĂ©e climatique favorable et d’un bon prix sur le marchĂ© et non d’un effort particulier de gestion. Cette Ă©norme difficultĂ© Ă  prĂ©voir avec une certaine confiance, ce que sera le comportement du verger d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre, rend donc malaisĂ© l’usage de « normes Â» figĂ©es pour le contrĂ´le de gestion. C’est pourquoi dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, l’effort a plus portĂ© sur l’exploration des causes des Ă©carts autour des chiffres moyens que sur les chiffres eux-mĂŞmes. Au Maroc, on est en prĂ©sence d’un système Ă©conomique libĂ©ral certes, mais la surproduction avec l’idĂ©e d’ensuite vendre les agrumes « a dime a dozen Â» ou de laisser la main invisible d’Adam Smith rĂ©guler le marchĂ© n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© un objectif du plan Maroc Vert. Le but recherchĂ©, est plutĂ´t de produire pour ensuite exporter davantage afin d’amĂ©liorer la balance commerciale du pays. Aujourd’hui, on est en situation d’offre excessive en petits fruits aggravĂ©e par un Export qui peine Ă  monter en charge, il est donc lĂ©gitime que chacun cherche Ă  tirer son Ă©pingle du jeu. Faute de pouvoir agir sur les prix, la mission basique du contrĂ´le de gestion est donc de maĂ®triser au moins les charges. MĂŞme si la vraie solution pour le Maroc, aurait Ă©tĂ© plutĂ´t d’instaurer un super-contrĂ´le de gestion innovant de type filière avec notamment des prĂ©rogatives de gel provisoire des plantations, le temps de conquĂ©rir de nouveaux marchĂ©s. Ce que nous craignions est maintenant arrivĂ© en 2018, c'est-Ă -dire finir après autant d’investissements par vendre la clĂ©mentine de qualitĂ© sur le marchĂ© local Ă  10cts/kg. L’étude suggère entre autres, comment sortir de cette pĂ©riode trouble et surmonter la crise avec un minimum de dĂ©gâts pour le producteur. Mots clĂ©s : ContrĂ´le de gestion, agrumes, MarocThe study concerns the large structured and decentralized citrus fruit companies. It provides the agronomic and financial tools for management control. The present management model is based on a bottom-up design. It is inspired from the new citrus cropping experience born from the Green Morocco plan. The model assumes transparency, farm and management control partnership, reliable information system and fluidity of information. In agriculture, there is no perfect analogy with the industry sector concerning the assessment of performance gaps compared to the management objectives reported by the budget. In industry, the same inputs combined to the same process generally produce the same result. Thus, the analysis of the observed performance gaps become easier and corrective measures can be suggested. In agriculture, the result can’t be similar even the same amount of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides), and the same production process (rootstock, cultivar, density, pruning) have been used. This situation is related to climatic year, location and soil type. Therefore, the most important in agricultural activity, is to explain the causes of the performance gap. Then, to classify these causes into manageable factors and not manageable factors of the environment. A low performance on productivity or quality can be related to the negative effect of “Chergui” wind (fall, physical damage, sunburn, ...) even we keep the same usual production process. Also, an excellent performance is sometimes related to a very good climate year and not to a specific management effort. The enormous difficulty of predicting confidently the orchard behavior, for each year, constrains the establishment of fixed "standards" useful for management control. Thus, in the present study, we try to explore causes of deviations around average numbers. In Morocco, a liberal economy is established. However, the overproduction with the idea of selling the citrus fruit as dime a dozen or leaving the Adam Smith invisible hand regulates the market has never been the goal of the Green Morocco Plan. Such plan aims to produce and to export more in order to improve the country's trade balance. Today, we are in a situation of excessive clementine supply aggravated by the difficulty to increase export quantity. This situation pushes each producer to perform well. Regarding the difficulty to regulate prices, the basic mission of the management control is to master at least the production costs. The true solution would to introduce an innovative super-control management of citrus sector. This management would include a provisional plantation freezing waiting for finding new markets. In fact, the feared problem is occurred in 2018. Indeed, high quality clementine has been sold at 10 cts kg-1. on the local market after many investments of the producer. The study aims to give suggestions to producers on how to manage this troubled period and overcome the crisis with minimal damage. Key words: Management control, citrus fruits, Morocc

    Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease

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    This review integrates eight aspects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory dynamics: formation rate, pressure, flow, volume, turnover rate, composition, recycling and reabsorption. Novel ways to modulate CSF formation emanate from recent analyses of choroid plexus transcription factors (E2F5), ion transporters (NaHCO3 cotransport), transport enzymes (isoforms of carbonic anhydrase), aquaporin 1 regulation, and plasticity of receptors for fluid-regulating neuropeptides. A greater appreciation of CSF pressure (CSFP) is being generated by fresh insights on peptidergic regulatory servomechanisms, the role of dysfunctional ependyma and circumventricular organs in causing congenital hydrocephalus, and the clinical use of algorithms to delineate CSFP waveforms for diagnostic and prognostic utility. Increasing attention focuses on CSF flow: how it impacts cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics, neural stem cell progression in the subventricular zone, and catabolite/peptide clearance from the CNS. The pathophysiological significance of changes in CSF volume is assessed from the respective viewpoints of hemodynamics (choroid plexus blood flow and pulsatility), hydrodynamics (choroidal hypo- and hypersecretion) and neuroendocrine factors (i.e., coordinated regulation by atrial natriuretic peptide, arginine vasopressin and basic fibroblast growth factor). In aging, normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease, the expanding CSF space reduces the CSF turnover rate, thus compromising the CSF sink action to clear harmful metabolites (e.g., amyloid) from the CNS. Dwindling CSF dynamics greatly harms the interstitial environment of neurons. Accordingly the altered CSF composition in neurodegenerative diseases and senescence, because of adverse effects on neural processes and cognition, needs more effective clinical management. CSF recycling between subarachnoid space, brain and ventricles promotes interstitial fluid (ISF) convection with both trophic and excretory benefits. Finally, CSF reabsorption via multiple pathways (olfactory and spinal arachnoidal bulk flow) is likely complemented by fluid clearance across capillary walls (aquaporin 4) and arachnoid villi when CSFP and fluid retention are markedly elevated. A model is presented that links CSF and ISF homeostasis to coordinated fluxes of water and solutes at both the blood-CSF and blood-brain transport interfaces
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