Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Pakistan

The paper examines the Impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Pakistan. The study has used data from 2000 to 2010 by using Two- Stage least squares method of simultaneous equations the results have been estimated. The results show that there exists a negative relationship between economic growth, proxies by gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment in Pakistan. Domestic investment, exports size and political stability were found to be very appropriate in locational choice of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. The enhancement of foreign direct investment in Pakistan government should ensure political stability and encourage more domestic investment and also make sure about trade globalization and foreign direct investments policies in today’s era for attracting more foreign direct investment in Pakistan. Keywords: FDI, GDP, Exports Growth and Domestic Investment

Teaching Emotional Intelligence to Undergraduate Students

Emotional intelligence (EI) is how well we handle ourselves and our relationship. EI may be a social intelligence that will be learned, developed, and improved. Both IQ and EI are needed for success in life. But literature has proved that we need more EI to be successful. Therefore, it should be taught to undergraduate students in order to increase self-confidence, improve interpersonal and communication skills, improve empathy for better patient care, buffer stress, improve problem-solving skills, developed leadership quality and all these characteristics will lead to success in life. In the literature, there are twelve different strategies; a teacher can apply to students to teach the topic effectively. Problem based learning and role-play teaching strategies will be helpful to teach the Emotional Intelligence (EI) effectively and fulfill the four competencies of EI which includes self-awareness, self-motivation, empathy, and inter/intrapersonal skills development. Keywords:  Emotional Intelligence, Undergraduate Students, Competencies

Alginate/Cucurbit [7] Uril/Dequalinium–Basedb Supramolecular Carbohydrates: Modulation of Fret Signal by Temperature Control

Herein, we describe the synthesis of a bioactive, inexpensive, and easy-tohandle supramolecular carbohydrate polymer by grafting of cucurbit [7] uril macrocycle (CB7)-encapsulated dequalinium chloride hydrate (DCH) onto alginic acid carbohydrates (ALG) via amide linkage formation and show that light energy transfer based on energy migration can be controlled by altering polymer temperature without changing polymer composition. DCH (donor) and 2-anilinonaphthalene-6- sulfonic acid (acceptor) were used to generate Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) signals. Stationary and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of the modified carbohydrate platform revealed that FRET resulted in a color change from violet (~387 nm) to blue (~429 nm), which could be repeatedly switched on and off in response to temperature stimuli at 298–368 K. NMR measurements suggested that the responsiveness of DCH/CB7ALG to thermal stimuli was due to the threading of CB7 onto the DCH backbone in solution and upon grafting onto ALG polymers

Common Histopathological spectrum of Posterior Fossa Tumors in Pediatric Age Group

Objective:  To know about the common posterior fossa tumors in the pediatric age group on basis of Histopathology in Neurosurgery Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. Material and Methods:  This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of MTI Hayatabad medical complex Peshawar from January 2017 to January 2020. We included a total of 52 patients who operated for posterior fossa tumors and biopsy reports were observed to know the histological pattern of the tumor. We included all those patients who have posterior fossa tumors except those tumors which involved or arise from brain stem and infections. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results:  Our study shows that the mean age was 6 years with a standard deviation ± 2.81. Fifty-eight percent of children were male and 42% of children were female. Histopathologic patterns were analyzed as 48% of children had Medulloblastoma, 25% of children had Astrocytoma, 19% of children had Ependymoma, 8% of patients had other histopathologic patterns. Conclusion:  Our study concludes that common histopathologic patterns of posterior fossa tumors in children were medulloblastoma (48%), Astrocytoma (25%), ependymoma (19%) respectively

Traumatic Epidural Hematoms in Posterior Cranial Fossa: a Clinical Study in Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine clinical presentation and outcome of traumatic epidural hematoma in posterior cranial fossa. Material and Methods: This descriptive case series was conducted in department of Neurosurgery Mardan Medical Complex Mardan from May 2016 to April 2017. All patients presenting with extradural hematoma in posterior fossa of either gender and age were included in the study while patients with recurrent posterior fossa extradural hematoma and hematoma at other side of the brain were excluded. CT scan Brain with bone window was done in all patients. Patients were followed for one month. Outcome was measured on the basis of GCS and GOS. Results: Total 23 patients were included in the study having age range from 8 to 58 years with mean age was34 ± 5.23 years. 16 (69.56%) were males and 7 (30.4%) were female. Road traffic accident was the most common cause of head injury in 11 (47.8%) cases. Headache and vomiting was seen in 16 (69.5%) cases, drowsiness in 8 (33%), occipital swelling in 4 (19%), otorrhea in 3 (13%) and coma in 1 (4%) case. 11 (47.8%) were managed conservatively while 12 (52.1%) were manage by surgery. Outcome measured by GOS, 15 (65.2%) fell into GOS 5, 3 (13.04%) fell into GOS 4, 7 (30.4%) into GOS 3, 6(26%) into GOS 2 and 6 (26%) into GOS 1. Conclusion: PFEDH is a traumatic substrate with poor clinical picture. Failure to diagnose the condition, level of consciousness at the time of intervention, clinical course and associated cranial injuries are the significant factors influencing morbidity and mortality from this condition. One should maintain high index of suspicion for the possibility of PFEDH in any patient with head injury

COVID-19 infection-induced type one Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A 63 year old female patient presented with one week history of reduced appetite, weakness, nausea, polyuria and occasional vomiting on a back ground of recurrent urinary tract infection and hypothyroidism. She appeared lethargic and dehydrated. The arterial blood gas showed a picture of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) which was treated according to the protocol. Viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID-19 was positive. The diagnosis of new onset type one diabetes made on the basis of specific antibodies test. Computerized Tomography (CT) of abdomen excluded pancreatic cancer as a cause of new onset diabetes. Hence, the patient was labelled as type one diabetes mellitus induced by COVID-19 virus. She was treated accordingly and sent home on insulin. Follow-up appointment was arranged in the diabetes center of the hospital

Epidural Hematoma in Different Ages Due to Road Traffic Accidents on Computed Tomography Scan Brain

OBJECTIVES: In developing countries, road traffic accidents are common and primarily affect middle-aged men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of epidural hematoma in people of various ages owing to road traffic incidents on computed tomography scan brain. METHODOLOGY: From February 2018 to January 2021, a cross-sectional descriptive study was done in the Department of Neurosurgery. A total of 460 individuals were chosen from emergency room visits due to traffic accidents. Individuals who had suffered a head injury and had an epidural hematoma on a computed tomography scan were included in the study. The frequency of epidural hematoma in different ages was determined. RESULTS: A total of 460 patients were enrolled in the trial, with 196 (42.60%) having epidural hematomas and 264 having no epidural hematomas (57.39%). Males accounted for 152 (77.55%) of the 196 epidural hematoma cases, while females accounted for 44 (22.45%), with an average age of 19 years and a range of 2-55±9.59 years. All the people who had a head injury were divided into three groups. The prevalence of epidural hematoma varied by age, with 75.51% (15-44 years), 20.40% (14 years), and 4.08% (>45 years) being the most common. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from this study that epidural hematoma determined by computed tomography scan brain is more frequent in middle age

Phenological and Morpological Traits of Sesame as Affected by Irrigation, Tillage Systems and Phousphours Levels

Despite the importance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)  in the world, this crop has received only little research attention in Pakistan. Therefore, a field trail was conducted at New Developmental Farm of The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan during summer 2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications. Irrigation interval (9 days, 18 days and 27 days) and tillage system (conventional tillage with cultivator, deep tillage with chisel plough and shallow tillage with MBP) were allotted to main plots, while phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) were allotted to sub plots. Irrigation interval significantly affected all the parameters. Water supply at 9 days interval had delayed days to first flowering (50), maximum plant height (180 cm), branches plant-1 (10), capsule length (2.71 cm), leaves plant-1 (23) and stover yield (5667 kg ha-1) as compared with other irrigation intervals but first capsule distance from ground is recorded greater in 27 days irrigation interval. Tillage system had significant effects on all the parameters, except days to first flowering, capsule length, first capsule distance from ground and leaves plant-1. Conventional tillage produced maximum plant height (168 cm), branches plant-1 (9) and stover yield (5105 kg ha-1) as compared with deep and shallow tillage system. Phosphorus application had also significantly affected all parameters except days to first flowering. Plots treated with 60 kg P ha-1 produced maximum plant height (178 cm), branches plant-1(9), capsule length (2.68 cm), leaves plant-1 (21) and stover yield (5538 kg ha-1) as compared with control plots but first capsule distance from ground is greater in control plot. Application of water at 9 days interval with conventional tillage method and treated with 60 kg P ha-1 had maximum plant height, leaves plant-1 and stover yield. Keywords: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), tillage systems, irrigation intervals, phousphours levels, phenology, morpholog

Pituitary Tuberculoma

Tuberculosis rarely involves the hypothalamo-pituitary region and constitutes only 1% of the lesions involving the sellar and/or suprasellar region. Coleman and Meredith first reported pituitary tuberculosis in 1940, and only a handful of cases have been reported ever since. It may manifest as a chiasmal syndrome due to compression of the optic chiasm or as hypopituitarism due to pituitary destruction. It has a characteristic radiological appearance and can mimic a pituitary adenoma. Diagnostic procedures, such as trans-sphenoidal biopsy, are crucial for accurate diagnosis. We report a case of a 32-year male, who presented with complaints of headache and decreased visual acuity for the past 6 months. Eye examination revealed bitemporal hemianopsia. Brain MRI scan showed a mass in the sella with features suggestive of pituitary adenoma. Transcranial resection of the mass was performed; histopathology of the excised mass proved it to be a pituitary tuberculoma