The extraordinary evolutionary history of the reticuloendotheliosis viruses

The reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REVs) comprise several closely related amphotropic retroviruses isolated from birds. These viruses exhibit several highly unusual characteristics that have not so far been adequately explained, including their extremely close relationship to mammalian retroviruses, and their presence as endogenous sequences within the genomes of certain large DNA viruses. We present evidence for an iatrogenic origin of REVs that accounts for these phenomena. Firstly, we identify endogenous retroviral fossils in mammalian genomes that share a unique recombinant structure with REVs—unequivocally demonstrating that REVs derive directly from mammalian retroviruses. Secondly, through sequencing of archived REV isolates, we confirm that contaminated Plasmodium lophurae stocks have been the source of multiple REV outbreaks in experimentally infected birds. Finally, we show that both phylogenetic and historical evidence support a scenario wherein REVs originated as mammalian retroviruses that were accidentally introduced into avian hosts in the late 1930s, during experimental studies of P. lophurae, and subsequently integrated into the fowlpox virus (FWPV) and gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GHV-2) genomes, generating recombinant DNA viruses that now circulate in wild birds and poultry. Our findings provide a novel perspective on the origin and evolution of REV, and indicate that horizontal gene transfer between virus families can expand the impact of iatrogenic transmission events

ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE CULTURAL VALUE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AT PT BANK SULSEL

This study aims to determine the effect of corporate culture values (which include: integrity, professionalism, customer focus, and service improvement) on the implementation of good corporate governance at PT. Bank Sul-Sel, as well as knowing which value is more dominant in influencing the good corporate governance of PT. South Sulawesi Bank.The population of this research is 130 employees. The number of samples used the Isaac and Michel formula with an error rate of 5% was set at 77 employees. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection used questionnaires and documentation techniques. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, validity, reliability, and hypothesis testing analysis.The results of the study based on the results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the values of corporate culture, namely: integrity, professionalism, customer focus, and service improvement, positively influence employee performance. The analysis results show that the dominant value that affects employee performance is integrity. It can be seen from the regression analysis results, which shows that t-count = 3.713. The contribution of corporate culture values to good corporate governance is 53.9%. The remaining 46.1% is influenced by other variables not examined