The association of polymorphic sites in some genes with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a sample of Egyptian children

Background: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been implicated as the major genetic component in the predisposition to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Other loci outside the MHC had also been reported to contribute in the susceptibility of T1DM. The aim of this study was to examine the role of some variants of polymorphic sites in some genes associated with T1DM in a sample of Egyptian children. Patients and methods: 60 patients with T1DM from the diabetes clinic at Alexandria University Children’s Hospital, and 60 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted using isopropanol precipitation method. Interleukin 18 (IL-18), interleukin 10 (IL-10), vitamin D receptor (VDR), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) were genotyped. Results: The findings obtained from logistic regression analysis suggest that the IL-18 single nucleotide polymorphisms SNP-137 G>C (rs#187238), the VDR Fok1 SNP T>A (rs#2228570) and the SNP-1123 C>G (rs#2488457) in PTPN22 gene showed a significant difference between patients and controls (P = 0.026, 0.030, and 0.003, respectively). The genotype distributions of PTPN22 SNP-1858, CTLA-4 SNP 49, IL-10 SNP-819, IL-18 SNP-607, and VDR BsmI SNP G>A did not show any significant difference. Conclusion: The IL-18 SNP-137 G>C (rs#187238), VDR SNP-Fok1 T>A (rs#2228570), and the SNP-1123 C>G (rs#2488457) in PTPN22 gene may have an effect on the occurrence of T1DM in Egyptian children. Further large-scale, population-based, case-control studies are needed.Keywords: Genes; Genomic DNA; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Type 1 diabetes mellitu

Two-year clinical evaluation of ormocer, nanohybrid and nanofill composite restorative systems in posterior teeth

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the 2-year clinical performance of an ormocer, a nanohybrid, and a nanofill resin composite with that of a microhybrid composite in restorations of small occlusal cavities made in posterior teeth. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients, each with 4 occlusal restorations under occlusion, were enrolled in this study. A total of 140 restorations was placed, 25% for each material: an ormocer-based composite, Admira; a nanohybrid resin composite, Tetric EvoCeram; a nanofill resin composite, Filtek Supreme; and a microhybrid resin composite, Tetric Ceram. Two operators placed all restorations according to the manufacturers' instructions. One week after placement, the restorations were finished/polished and patients were advised to return for follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. All patients attended the 2-year visit where the clinical performance of all restorations was evaluated. Two independent examiners made all evaluations according to the USPHS modified Ryge criteria immediately after placement of restorations and at subsequent recall visits. The changes in the USPHS parameters during the 2-year period were an-alyzed with the Friedman test. Comparison of the baseline scores with those at the recall visits was made using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The level of significance was set at p 0.05). Conclusion: After 2 years, the ormocer, nanohybrid, and nanofill composites showed acceptable clinical performance similar to that of the microhybrid resin composite.link_to_subscribed_fulltex