Feminists And The Diversity Of Republican Alternatives [as Feministas E A Diversidade Das Alternativas Republicanas]

This article analyzes the critical move of certain feminists toward republicanism and explores the hypothesis that such a move represents important points of contact with a current of popular republicanism. Based on classical authors and adopting specific criteria for looking at the constitutive diversity of republicanism, we seek a way to define this current and as well as the aristocratic one which serves as its counterpoint. Our hypothesis is based, on the one hand, on analysis of feminist critiques of certain current formulations which, to a greater or lesser extent, share the republican ideal that contemporary society must endow public life with renewed meaning. On the other hand, it draws from particular proposals that have been elaborated in order to appropriate this ideal. Our analysis then makes it possible to suggest that the concerns that characterize the popular republican current offer more promising sources for combining the ideal of a renewed public sphere with demands for justice. Through this focus, we emphasize feminist contributions to democratic theory.1836115133(1998) Política, , Aristóteles. Lisboa: VegaBenhabib, S., Cornell, D., Além da política de gênero (1987) Feminismo como crítica da modernidade, , Benhabib, S. & Cornell, D. (orgs.). Releitura dos pensadores contemporâneos do ponto de vista da mulher. Rio de Janeiro: Rosa dos TemposBerlin, I., Dois conceitos de liberdade (2002) Isaiah Berlin: Estudos sobre a humanidade, , Hardy, H. & Hausheer, R. (orgs.). São Paulo: Companhia das LetrasBlythe, J., (2005) Le gouvernement ideal et la constitution mixte au Moyen Âge, , Paris: CERFCristi, R., Participación, representación y republicanismo (2003) Anuario Filosófico, 36 (1), pp. 53-81. , http://dspace.unav.es/dspace/bitstream/10171/87/8/4.%20PARTICIPACI%C3%93N,%20REPRESENTACI%C3%93N%20Y%20REPUBLICANISMO,%20RENATO%20CRISTI.pdf, Navarra (Espanha), Acesso em: 1.maio.2010Dietz, M.G., O contexto é o que conta: Feminismo e teorias da cidadania (1999) Debate Feminista, pp. 3-28. , São Paulo, especialElias, M.L.G.G.R., (2008) Democracia e participação política no novo republicanismo: Um estudo sobre o pensamento de Philip Pettit, , Florianópolis. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia Política). Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFraser, N., Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Actually Existing Democracy (1993) The Phantom Sphere, , Robbins, B. (ed.). 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Barcelona: PaidósPettit, P., Liberalismo y republicanismo (2004) Nuevas ideas re-publicanas: Autogobierno y libertad, , Ovejero, F.Martí, J. L. & Gargarella, R. (orgs.). Barcelona: PaidósPhillips, A., (1995) The Politics of Presence, , Oxford: Oxford UniversityPhillips, A., Deben las feministas abandonar la democracia liberal? (1996) Perspectivas feministas en teoría política, , Castells, C. (org.). Barcelona: PaidósPhillips, A., (2000) Which Equalities Matter? 2nd ed, , Cambridge: PolityPhillips, A., Feminismo y republicanismo: Es ésta una alianza plausible? (2004) Nuevas ideas republicanas: Autogobierno y libertad, , Ovejero, F.Martí, J. L. & Gargarella, R. (orgs.). Barcelona: PaidósPocock, J.G.A., (1980) Il momento machiavelliano, , Bologna: Il Mulino(2002) Storie, , Políbio. Libri V-VI. V. III. Milano: RizzoliSandel, M., The Procedural Republic and Unencumbered Self (1984) Political Theory, 12 (1), pp. 81-96. , http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/Faculty/Michelbach/sandel.pdf, London, Feb. 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Quantitative And Qualitative Analysis Of Microorganisms In Root-filled Teeth With Persistent Infection: Monitoring Of The Endodontic Retreatment

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo microorganisms detected in root-filled teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis and quantify colony-forming units (CFU) during endodontic retreatment. Materials and Methods: Fifteen root-filled teeth had their previous gutta-percha removed and were randomly instrumented before being divided into three groups and medicated with either [Ca (OH)2 + 2% CHX gel], [Ca (OH)2 + 0.9% NaCl] or 2% CHX gel. Samples were taken after removal of gutta-percha (S1), after chemomechanical preparation using 2% CHX gel (S2), and after inter-appointment dressing (S3) for 7 or 14 days later. Cultivable bacteria recovered from infected root canals at the three stages were counted and identified by means of culture and PCR assay (16S rDNA). Quantitative data were statistically analyzed by using Mann-Whitney test in which pairs of groups were compared (P < 0.05). Results: CFU counts decreased significantly from S1 to S2 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between S2 and S3 (P = 0.3093) for all three experimental groups. Chemomechanical preparation and intra-canal dressing promoted significant median reductions of 99.61% and 99.57%, respectively, in the number of bacteria compared to S1 samples. A total of 110 cultivable isolates were recovered by culture technique from 32 different species and 7 different genera. Out of the 13 target species-specific primer of bacteria analyzed, 11 were detected during endodontic retreatment. Conclusion: The great majority of taxa found in post-treatment samples were Gram-positive bacteria, although Gram-negative bacteria were found by molecular methods. Moreover, our results showed that gutta-percha removal and chemomechanical preparation are effective for root canal disinfection, whereas additional intra-canal dressing did not improve disinfection. © 2013 Dental Investigations Society.73302309Byström, A., Happonen, R.P., Sjögren, U., Sundqvist, G., Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis (1987) Endod Dent Traumatol, 3, pp. 58-63Sjögren, U., Figdor, D., Persson, S., Sundqvist, G., Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical peridontitis (1997) Int Endod J, 30, pp. 297-306Siqueira Jr., J.F., Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: Why well-treated teeth can fail (2001) Int Endod J, 34, pp. 1-10Salehrabi, R., Rotstein, I., Epidemiologic evaluation of the outcomes of orthograde endodontic retreatment (2010) J Endod, 36, pp. 790-792Sundqvist, G., Figdor, D., Persson, S., Sjögren, U., Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment (1998) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 85, pp. 86-93Molander, A., Reit, C., Dahlén, G., Kvist, T., Microbiological status of root-filled teeth with apical periodontitis (1998) Int Endod J, 31, pp. 1-7Hancock, H.H., Sigurdsson, A., Trope, M., Moiseiwitsch, J., Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a north american population (2001) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 91, pp. 579-586Pinheiro, E.T., Gomes, B.P., Ferraz, C.C., Teixeira, F.B., Zaia, A.A., Souza Filho, F.J., Evaluation of root canal microorganisms isolated from teeth with endodontic failure and their antimicrobial susceptibility (2003) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 18, pp. 100-103Gomes, B.P., Pinheiro, E.T., Gadê-Neto, C.R., Sousa, E.L., Ferraz, C.C., Zaia, A.A., Microbiological examination of infected dental root canals (2004) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 19, pp. 71-76Siqueira Jr., J.F., Rôças, I.N., PCR-based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 97, pp. 85-94Fouad, A.F., Zerella, J., Barry, J., Spångberg, L.S., Molecular detection of Enterococcus species in root canals of therapy-resistant endodontic infections (2005) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 99, pp. 112-118Byström, A., Sundqvist, G., Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy (1981) Scand J Dent Res, 89, pp. 321-328Molander, A., Reit, C., Dahlén, G., The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide in root canals pretreated with 5% iodine potassium iodide (1999) Endod Dent Traumatol, 15, pp. 205-209Möller, A.J., Microbiological examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Methodological studies (1966) Odontol Tidskr, 74, pp. 1-380Zamany, A., Safavi, K., Spangberg, L.S., The effect of chlorhexidine as an endodontic disinfectant (2003) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 96, pp. 578-581Martinho, F.C., Chiesa, W.M., Leite, F.R., Cirelli, J.A., Gomes, B.P., Antigenic activity of bacterial endodontic contents from primary root canal infection with periapical lesions against macrophage in the release of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (2010) J Endod, 36, pp. 1467-1474Siqueira Jr., J.F., Rôças, I.N., PCR methodology as a valuable tool for identification of endodontic pathogens (2003) J Dent, 31, pp. 333-339Sathorn, C., Parashos, P., Messer, H.H., How useful is root canal culturing in predicting treatment outcome? (2007) J Endod, 33, pp. 220-225Peters, L.B., Wesselink, P.R., Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms (2002) Int Endod J, 35, pp. 660-667Shuping, G.B., Ørstavik, D., Sigurdsson, A., Trope, M., Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications (2000) J Endod, 26, pp. 751-755McGurkin-Smith, R., Trope, M., Caplan, D., Sigurdsson, A., Reduction of intracanal bacteria using GT rotary Instrumentation, 5.25% NaOCl, EDTA, and Ca (OH)2 (2005) J Endod, 21, pp. 359-363Ørstavik, D., Kerekes, K., Molven, O., Effects of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: A pilot study (1991) Int Endod J, 24, pp. 1-7Sjögren, U., Figdor, D., Spangberg, L., Sundqvist, G., The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing (1991) Int Endod J, 24, pp. 119-125Wang, C.S., Arnold, R.R., Trope, M., Teixeira, F.B., Clinical efficiency of 2% chlorhexidine gel in reducing intracanal bactéria (2007) J Endod, 33, pp. 1283-1289Waltimo, T., Trope, M., Haapasalo, M., Orstavik, D., Clinical efficacy of treatment procedures in endodontic infection control and one year follow-up of periapical healing (2005) J Endod, 31, pp. 863-866Siqueira, J.F., Paiva, S., Rôcas, I.N., Reduction in the cultivable bacterial populations in infected root canals by a chlorhexidine-based antimicrobial protocol (2007) J Endod, 33, pp. 541-547Zerella, J.A., Fouad, A.F., Spangberg, L.S., Effectiveness of a calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine digluconate mixture as disinfectant during retreatment of failed endodontic cases (2005) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 100, pp. 756-761Sathorn, C., Parashos, P., Messer, H.H., Effectiveness of single-versus multiple-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2005) Int Endod J, 38, pp. 347-355Manzur, A., González, A.M., Pozos, A., Silva-Herzog, D., Friedman, S., Bacterial quantification in teeth with apical periodontitis related to instrumentation and different intracanal medications: A randomized clinical trial (2007) J Endod, 33, pp. 114-118Saber, S.D., El-Hady, S.A., Development of an intracanal mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and its susceptibility to some antimicrobial intracanal medications: An in vitro study (2012) Eur J Dent, 6, pp. 43-50Ercan, E., Dalli, M., Dülgergil, C.T., In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide paste with chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans (2006) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 102, pp. 27-3

Root Canal Content From Primary Endodontic Infection And Upregulation Of Gelatinases In Fibroblast Cells

Aim: To investigate endotoxin levels from primary endodontic infections before and after chemomechanical preparation (CMP) and to determine their antigenicity against 3T3 fibroblasts through gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methodology: Twenty-four root canals with primary endodontic infection and apical periodontitis were selected. Samples were collected using paper points before (S1) and after chemomechanical preparation (CMP) (S2). The limulus amebocyte lysate assay was used for endotoxin measurement. Fibroblasts were stimulated with root canal contents for 24 h. Supernatants of cell cultures stimulated with root canal contents were collected after 24 h to determine the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity using the zymography technique. Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the amount of endotoxin before (S1) and after CMP (S2) (P < 0.05). Data obtained from gelatinolytic activity were analysed using anova and Tukey's tests (P < 0.05). Results: Endotoxin was recovered in 100% of the samples. There was a significant reduction in endotoxin levels after CMP (P < 0.05). A correlation was found between the levels of endotoxins and MMP-2 expression (P < 0.05). Root canal contents of initial samples (S1) induced significantly greater MMP-2 expression by fibroblasts when compared to S2 and the nonstimulated group (P < 0.05). No gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was observed in S1, S2 and control group. Conclusions: Root canal contents from primary endodontic infections had gelatinolytic activity for MMP-2. Moreover, CMP was effective in reducing endotoxin levels and their antigenicity against fibroblasts on gelatinolytic activity

Chlorhexidine In Endodontics

Chemical auxiliary substances (CAS) are essential for a successful disinfection and cleanness of the root canals, being used during the instrumentation and if necessary, as antimicrobial intracanal medicaments. Different CAS have been proposed and used, among which sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), 17% EDTA, citric acid, MTAD and 37% phosphoric acid solution. CHX has been used in Endodontics as an irrigating substance or intracanal medicament, as it possesses a wide range of antimicrobial activity, substantivity (residual antimicrobial activity), lower cytotoxicity than NaOCl whilst demonstrating efficient clinical performance, lubricating properties, rheological action (present in the gel presentation, keeping the debris in suspension); it inhibits metalloproteinase, is chemically stable, does not stain cloths, it is odorless, water soluble, among other properties. CHX has been recommended as an alternative to NaOCl, especially in cases of open apex, root resorption, foramen enlargement and root perforation, due to its biocompatibility, or in cases of allergy related to bleaching solutions. The aim of this paper is to review CHX's general use in the medical field and in dentistry; its chemical structure, presentation form and storage; mechanism of action; antimicrobial activity including substantivity, effects on biofilms and endotoxins, effects on coronal and apical microbial microleakage; tissue dissolution ability; interaction with endodontic irrigants; effects on dentin bonding, metalloproteinases and collagen fibrils; its use as intracanal medicament and diffusion into the dentinal tubules; its use as disinfectant agent of obturation cones; other uses in the endodontic therapy; and possible adverse effects, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.24289102Abou-Rass, M., Piccinino, M.V., The effectiveness of 4 clinical irrigation methods on the removal of root-canal debris (1982) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 54, pp. 323-328Gomes, B.P., Ferraz, C.C., Vianna, M.E., Berber, V.B., Teixeira, F.B., Souza, F.J., In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis (2001) Int Endod J, 34, pp. 424-428Rocha, A.W., de Andrade, C.D., Leitune, V.C., Collares, F.M., Samuel, S.M., Grecca, F.S., Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin (2012) Bull Tokyo Dent Coll, 53, pp. 1-7Prado, M., Simão, R.A., Gomes, B.P., Impact of different irrigation protocols on resin sealer bond strength to dentin (2013) J Endod, , in pressGomes, B.P., Souza, S.F., Ferraz, C.C., Teixeira, F.B., Zaia, A.A., Valdrighi, L., Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis in bovine root dentine in vitro (2003) Int Endod J, 36, pp. 267-275Vianna, M.E., Horz, H.P., Conrads, G., Zaia, A.A., Souza, F.J., Gomes, B.P., Effect of root canal procedures on endotoxins and endodontic pathogens (2007) Oral Microbiol Immun, 22, pp. 411-418de Souza-Filho, F.J., de Soares, A.J., Vianna, M.E., Zaia, A.A., Ferraz, C.C., Gomes, B.P., Antimicrobial effect and pH of chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide alone and associated with other materials (2008) Braz Dent J, 19, pp. 28-33Tomás, I., Rubido, S., Donos, N., In situ antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine in the oral cavity (2011) Formatex, pp. 530-541Lang, N.P., Brecx, M.C., Chlorhexidine digluconate: An agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation (1986) J Periodontal Res, 21, pp. 74-89Davies, G.E., Francis, J., Martin, A.R., Rose, F.L., Swain, G., 1:6-di-4'- chlorophenyldiguanidohexane ("Hibitane"). 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An adjunct to periodontal therapy (1986) J Periodontol, 57, pp. 370-377Jeansonne, M.J., White, R.R., A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants (1994) J Endod, 20, pp. 276-278Leonardo, M.R., Tanomaru, F.M., Silva, L.A., Nelson, F.P., Bonifacio, K.C., Ito, I.Y., In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution (1999) J Endod, 25, pp. 167-171Ferraz, C.C., Gomes, B.P., Zaia, A.A., Teixeira, F.B., Souza-Filho, F.J., In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial action and the mechanical ability of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant (2001) J Endod, 27, pp. 452-455Vianna, M.E., Gomes, B.P., Berber, V.B., Zaia, A.A., Ferraz, C.C., de Souza, F.F.J., In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 97, pp. 79-84Ercan, E., Ozekinci, T., Atakul, F., Gül, K., Antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: In vivo study (2004) J Endod, 30, pp. 84-87Heling, I., Steinberg, D., Kenig, S., Gavrilovich, I., Sela, M.N., Friedman, M., Efficacy of a sustained-release device containing chlorhexidine and Ca(OH)2 in preventing secondary infection of dentinal tubules (1992) Int Endod J, 25, pp. 20-24Siqueira Jr., J.F., de Uzeda, M., Intracanal medicaments: Evaluation of the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine metronidazole, and calcium hydroxide associated with three vehicles (1997) J Endod, 23, pp. 167-169Barbosa, C.A., Goncalves, R.B., Siqueira Jr., J.F., de Uzeda, M., Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, and camphorated paramonochlorophenol as intracanal medicament. 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Surface Morphology Alterations In Bovine Dentin Exposed To Different Bleaching Agents

Aim: This study evaluated the morphological changes caused by internal bleaching agents on dentin surface. Methods: Twenty crowns of bovine incisors were cut into slabs that were randomly distributed in six experimental groups (n = 5), according to the bleaching agent used: G1 - sodium perborate + water, G2 - sodium perborate + 2% chlorhexidine gel, G3 - sodium perborate + 30% hydrogen peroxide, G4 - 30% hydrogen peroxide, G5 - 37% carbamide peroxide and G6 - gel base without carbamide. Two Control Groups were used: C1 with distilled water and C2 with 2% chlorhexidine gel. The specimens were immersed in the respective test bleaching agent and incubated at 37 °C for seven days. Following, they were prepared for scanning electron microscopy and five images from each tooth segment were recorded and analyzed for surface morphological alterations, by three previously calibrated examiners. Inter-examiner agreement was verified using the Kappa test. The rank averages obtained for the groups were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance at 5% significance level. Results: The analysis of the scores obtained indicated that all tested materials caused some morphological alteration on dentin, except for sodium perborate + water (G1) and Control Groups 1 and 2. Hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide caused significantly more severe alterations (p < 0.05) to dentin structure, than the other bleaching agents evaluated. Conclusions: Sodium perborate-based pastes seemed to be the most harmless agent to dentin structures in non-vital tooth bleaching, while hydrogen peroxide solutions and carbamide peroxide agents caused the greatest alterations.812529Nutting, E.B., Poe, G., A new combination for bleaching teeth (1963) J S Calif Assoc, 41, pp. 289-291Attin, T., Paqué, F., Ajam, F., Lennon, A.M., Review of the current status of tooth whitening with the walking bleach technique (2003) Int Endod J, 36, pp. 313-329Rotstein, I., Lehr, Z., Gedalia, I., Effect of bleaching agents on inorganic components of human dentin and cementum (1992) J Endod, 18, pp. 290-293Perrine, G.A., Reichl, R.B., Baisden, M.K., Hondrum, S.O., Comparison of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching and sodium perborate for intracoronal bleaching (2000) Gen Dent, 48, pp. 264-270Oliveira, D.P., Gomes, B.P.F.A., Zaia, A.A., Souza-Filho, F.J., Ferraz, C.C., In vitro assessment of a gel base containing 2% chlorhexidine as a sodium perborate's vehicle for intracoronal bleaching of discolored teeth (2006) J Endod, 32, pp. 672-674Heithersay, G.S., Dahlstrom, S.W., Marin, P.D., Incidence of invasive cervical resorption in bleached root-filled teeth (1994) Aust Dent J, 39, pp. 82-87Chng, H.K., Palamara, J.E.A., Messer, H.H., Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on biomechanical properties of human dentin (2002) J Endod, 28, pp. 62-67Rotstein, I., Dankner, E., Goldman, A., Heling, I., Stabholz, A., Zalkind, M., Histochemical analysis of dental hard tissues following bleaching (1996) J Endod, 22, pp. 23-25Zalkind, M., Arwaz, J.R., Goldman, A., Rotstein, I., Surface morphology changes in human enamel, dentin and cementum following bleaching: a scanning electron microscopy study (1996) Endod Dent Traumatol, 12, pp. 82-88Shinohara, M.S., Rodrigues, J.A., Pimenta, L.A.F., In vitro microleakage of composite restorations after nonvital bleaching (2001) Quintessence Int, 32, pp. 413-417Perez, F., Rochd, T., Lodter, J.P., Calas, P., Michel, G., In vitro study of the penetration of three bacterial strains into root dentine (1993) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 76, pp. 97-103Titley, K.C., Torneck, C.D., Smith, D.C., Adibfar, A., Adhesion of composite resin to bleached and unbleached bovine enamel (1988) J Dent Res, 67, pp. 1523-1528McGuckin, R.S., Babin, J.F., Meyer, B.J., Alterations in human enamel surface morphology following vital bleaching (1992) J Prosthet Dent, 68, pp. 754-760Teixeira, E.C., Hara, A.T., Turssi, C.P., Serra, M.C., Effect of non-vital tooth bleaching on microleakage of coronal access restorations (2003) J Oral Rehabil, 30, pp. 1123-1127Elkhatib, H., Nakajima, M., Hiraishi, N., Kitasako, Y., Tagami, J., Nomura, S., Surface pH and bond strength of a self-etching primer/adhesive system to intracoronal dentin after application of hydrogen peroxide bleach with sodium perborate (2003) Oper Dent, 28, pp. 591-597Attin, T., Hannig, C., Wiegand, A., Attin, R., Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations - a systematic review (2004) Dent Mater, 20, pp. 852-861Lai, Y.L., Yang, M.L., Lee, S.Y., Microhardness and color changes of human dentin with repeated intracoronal bleaching (2003) Oper Dent, 28, pp. 786-792Madison, S., Walton, R., Cervical root resorption following bleaching of endodontically treated teeth (1990) J Endod, 16, pp. 570-574Friedman, S., Internal bleaching: long-term outcomes and complications (1997) J Am Dent Assoc, 128 (SUPPL.), pp. 51S-55SChng, H.K., Yap, A.U.J., Wattanapayungkul, P., Sim, C.P., Effect of traditional and alternative intracoronal bleaching agents on microhardness of human dentine (2004) J Oral Rehabil, 31, pp. 811-816Cobankara, F.K., Unlü, N., Altinöz, H.C., Füsun, O., Effect of home bleaching agents on the roughness and surface morphology of human enamel and dentine (2004) Int Dent J, 54, pp. 211-218Ferraz, C.C., Gomes, B.P., Zaia, A.A., Teixeira, F.B., Souza-Filho, F.J., In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial action and the mechanical ability of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant (2001) J Endod, 27, pp. 452-455Amaechi, B.T., Higham, S.M., Dental erosion: possible approaches to prevention and control (2005) J Dent, 33, pp. 243-252Stevens, R.H., Grossman, L.I., Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament (1983) J Endod, 9, pp. 372-374Stuart, K.G., Miller, C.H., Brown C.E., Jr., Newton, C.W., The comparative antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide (1991) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 72, pp. 101-10

Microbial Evaluation Of Traumatized Teeth Treated With Triple Antibiotic Paste Or Calcium Hydroxide With 2% Chlorhexidine Gel In Pulp Revascularization

Introduction Revascularization outcome depends on microbial elimination because apical repair will not happen in the presence of infected tissues. This study evaluated the microbial composition of traumatized immature teeth and assessed their reduction during different stages of the revascularization procedures performed with 2 intracanal medicaments. Methods Fifteen patients (7-17 years old) with immature teeth were submitted to the revascularization procedures; they were divided into 2 groups according to the intracanal medicament used: TAP group (n = 7), medicated with a triple antibiotic paste, and CHP group (n = 8), dressed with calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel. Samples were taken before any treatment (S1), after irrigation with 6% NaOCl (S2), after irrigation with 2% chlorhexidine (S3), after intracanal dressing (S4), and after 17% EDTA irrigation (S5). Cultivable bacteria recovered from the 5 stages were counted and identified by means of polymerase chain reaction assay (16S rRNA). Results Both groups had colony-forming unit counts significantly reduced after S2 (P <.05); however, no significant difference was found between the irrigants (S2 and S3, P =.99). No difference in bacteria counts was found between the intracanal medicaments used (P =.95). The most prevalent bacteria detected were Actinomyces naeslundii (66.67%), followed by Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which were detected in 33.34% of the root canals. An average of 2.13 species per canal was found, and no statistical correlation was observed between bacterial species and clinical/radiographic features. Conclusions The microbial profile of infected immature teeth is similar to that of primarily infected permanent teeth. The greatest bacterial reduction was promoted by the irrigation solutions. 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N, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis (2004) Int Endod J, 37, pp. 438-446Shin, S.Y., Albert, J.S., Mortman, R.E., One step pulp revascularization treatment of an immature permanent tooth with chronic apical abscess: A case report (2009) Int Endod J, 42, pp. 1118-1126Reynolds, K., Johnson, J.D., Cohenca, N., Pulp revascularization of necrotic bilateral bicuspids using a modified novel technique to eliminate potential coronal discolouration: A case report (2009) Int Endod J, 42, pp. 84-92Iwaya, S., Ikawa, M., Kubota, M., Revascularization of an immature permanent tooth with periradicular abscess after luxation (2011) Dent Traumatol, 27, pp. 55-58Cehreli, Z.C., Isbitiren, B., Sara, S., Erbas, G., Regenerative endodontic treatment (revascularization) of immature necrotic molars medicated with calcium hydroxide: A case series (2011) J Endod, 37, pp. 1327-1330Baumotte, K., Bombana, A.C., Cai, S., Microbiologic endodontic status of young traumatized tooth (2011) Dent Traumatol, 27, pp. 438-441Gomes, B.P., Pinheiro, E.T., Gadê-Neto, C.R., Microbiological examination of infected dental root canals (2004) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 19, pp. 71-76Hoshino, E., Kurihara-Ando, N., Sato, I., In vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline (1996) Int Endod J, 29, pp. 125-130Banchs, F., Trope, M., Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: New treatment protocol? 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Apexification With A New Intra-canal Medicament: A Multidisciplinary Case Report

Dental trauma generally requires multidisciplinary planning and treatment for good prognosis. When immature teeth are traumatized to a degree where pulp necrosis ensues, the objective of root canal treatment should be apexogenesis and root maturation. Apexification of the root is the conventional choice, which involves cleaning the canal and filling it with a temporary medication that stimulates the formation of a calcific apical barrier. Dental Trauma Service of Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil employs a dressing for apexification treatments with calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine gel 2% and zinc oxide. This paper reports the case of a dental trauma of the maxillary central incisors and subluxation on teeth 11, 12 and 21 that were treated with multidisciplinary collaboration (Endodontics, Periodontology and Operative Dentistry) to improve prognosis. After five-years there were no pathological conditions and the teeth showed every evidences of success.73165170Perheentupa, U., Laukkanen, P., Veijola, J., Joukamaa, M., Järvelin, M.R., Laitinen, J., Oikarinen, K., Increased lifetime prevalence of dental trauma is associated with previous non-dental injuries, mental distress and high alcohol consumption (2001) Dent Traumatol, 17 (1), pp. 10-16Fasciglione, D., Persic, R., Pohl, Y., Filippi, A., Dental injuries in inline skating - level of information and prevention (2007) Dent Traumatol, 23 (3), pp. 143-148Ertugrul, F., Eden, E., Ilgenli, T., Multidiciplinary treatment of complicated subgingivally fractured permanent central incisors: Two case reports (2008) Dent Traumatol, 24 (6), pp. 61-66Navabazam, A., Farahani, S.S., Prevalence of traumatic injuries to maxillary permanent teeth in 9- to 14-year-old school children in Yazd (2010) Iran. Dent Traumatol, 26, pp. 154-177Selden, H.S., Apexification: An interesting case (2002) J Endod, 28 (1), pp. 44-45Villa, P., Fernández, R., Apexification of a replanted tooth using mineral trioxide aggregate (2005) Dent Traumatol, 21 (5), pp. 306-308Martin, R.L., Monticelli, F., Brackett, W.W., Loushine, R.J., Rockman, R.A., Ferrari, M., Pashley, D.H., Tay, F.R., Sealing properties of mineral trioxide aggregate orthograde apical plugs and root fillings in an in vitro apexification model (2007) J Endod, 33 (3), pp. 272-275Jacobovitz, M., de Pontes Lima, R.K., The use of calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate on apexification of a replanted tooth: A case report (2009) Dent Traumatol, 25 (3), pp. 32-36Chhabra, N., Singbal, K.P., Kamat, S., Successful apexification with resolution of the periapical lesion using mineral trioxide aggregate and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (2010) J Conserv Dent, 13 (2), pp. 106-109Chung, H., Kim, M., Yang, W., Ko, H., An interesting healing outcome of a replanted immature permanent tooth: A case report (2011) Dent Traumatol, 27 (1), pp. 77-80Huang, G.T., Apexification: The beginning of its end (2009) Int Endod J, 42 (10), pp. 855-866Andreasen, J.O., Farik, B., Munksgaard, E.C., Long-termcalciumhydroxide as a root canal dressing may increase the risk of root fracture (2002) Dent Traumatol, 18, pp. 134-137Rafter, M., Apexification: A review (2005) Dent Traumatol, 21 (1), pp. 1-8Souza-Filho, F.J., Soares Ade, J., Vianna, M.E., Zaia, A.A., Ferraz, C.C., Gomes, B.P., Antimicrobial effect and pH of chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide alone and associated with other materials (2008) Braz Dent J, 19 (1), pp. 28-33Leroy, R.L., Aps, J.K., Raes, F.M., Martens, L.C., de Boever, J.A., A multidisciplinary treatment approach to a complicated maxillary dental trauma: A case report (2000) Endod Dent Traumatol, 16 (3), pp. 138-142Bindo, T.Z., de Morais, E.C., de Campos, E.A., Gonzaga, C.C., Correr, G.M., Baratto-Filho, F., Multidisciplinary approach of a crown-root fracture using intentional replantation: A case report (2010) Pediatr Dent, 32 (5), pp. 428-432Thibodeau, B., Teixeira, F., Yamauchi, M., Caplan, D.J., Trope, M., Pulp revascularization of immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis (2007) J Endod, 33 (6), pp. 680-689Friedlander, L.T., Cullinan, M.P., Love, R.M., Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification (2009) Int Endod J, 42 (11), pp. 955-962Kim, J.H., Kim, Y., Shin, S.J., Park, J.W., Jung, I.Y., Tooth discoloration of immature permanent incisor associated with triple antibiotic therapy: A case report (2010) J Endod, 36 (6), pp. 1086-1091Reynolds, K., Johnson, J.D., Cohenca, N., Pulp revascularization of necrotic bilateral bicuspidsusing a modified novel technique to eliminate potential coronal discolouration: A case report (2009) Int Endod, 42 (1), pp. 84-92Soares, A.J., Souza-Filho, Traumatized teeth submitted to a new intracanal medication protocol (2011) Brazilian Journal of Dental Traumatol, 2 (2), pp. 1-5Gomes, B.P.F.A., Montagner, F., Berber, V.B., Zaia, A.A., Ferraz, C.C.R., Almeida, J.F.A., Souza-Filho, F.J., Antimicrobial action of intracanal medicaments on the external root surface (2009) J Dent, 37, pp. 37-81Soares, A.J., Vianna, M.E., Gomes, B.P.F.A., Zaia, A.A., Ferraz, C.C.R., Souza-Filho, F.J., Evaluation antimicrobial activity and ph of intracanal medicament to be used in traumatized teeth [abstract 154] (2004) Braz J Oral Sci, 3 (10), p. 55

Evaluation of the presence of microorganisms from root canal of teeth submitted to retreatment due to prosthetic reasons and without evidence of apical periodontitis

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in the root canals (RC) of teeth submitted to endodontic retreatment due to prosthetic reasons and without evidence of apical periodontitis. Material and methods: Twenty teeth referred to endodontic retreatment due to prosthetic reasons and without evidence of apical periodontitis were included in this study. Gutta-percha (GP) was collected from each third of the RC. After GP removal, microbial samples were also collected from the full extension of RC using paper points and files. The samples were cultivated in Fastidious Anaerobe Agar and the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) were counted. They were also semi-quantitatively analyzed by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization using 40 DNA bacterial probes. Results: Microorganisms were found in all samples. The coronal third of GP was more contaminated than the apical third (p ≤ 0.05). There was prevalence of Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus faecalis in all RC thirds and also in the samples collected from the full extension of RCs. Conclusion: Microorganisms were found in all cases referred to endodontic retreatment due to prosthetic reasons and without evidence of apical periodontitis. Enterococcus was the genus most frequently detected. Clinical significance: An endodontic retreatment should be considered before replacing a prosthesis.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP308162/2014-5Sem informação2015/23479-