A new and rapid UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for benidipine hydrochloride determination: Development and validation

A simple, sensitive and specific ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has been established for the determination of benidipine hydrochloride. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) for benidipine was found to be 237 nm. Linearity of this method was observed in a range of 2.0 – 16.0 μg/mL. The method showed high sensitivity with good reproducibility of results. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.34 and 1.02 μg/mL, respectively. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting a graph of the absorbance versus concentration. The coefficient of correlation was higher than 0.99. The regression equation of this curve is y = 0.0544x – 0.0526. The percentage of drug recovery was found in the acceptable range (99.72 – 101.66%), and the coefficient of variation for the precision of this method was found to be less than 2.0. The proposed method can be suitable for the analysis of benidipine in tablet formulations for quality control purposes

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery - A Review

Background: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is playing a most hindering role in drug delivery to the brain. Recent research comes out with the nanoparticles approach, is continuously working towards improving the delivery to the brain. Currently, polymeric nanoparticle is extensively involved in many therapies for spatial and temporal targeted areas delivery. Methods: We did a non-systematic review, and the literature was searched in Google, Science Direct and PubMed. An overview is provided for the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles using different methods, effect of surface modification on the nanoparticle properties with types of polymeric nanoparticles and preparation methods. An account of different nanomedicine employed with therapeutic agent to cross the BBB alone with biodistribution of the drugs

Stability of paracetamol instant jelly for reconstitution: Impact of packaging, temperature and humidity

The stability of the medicinal product is a major concern in the pharmaceutical industry and health authorities, whose goal is to guarantee that drugs are delivered to patients without loss of therapeutic properties. This study aims to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions and packaging on the stability of paracetamol instant jelly sachets based on both chemical and physical stability. The paracetamol instant jelly was packaged in plastic sachets (packaging 1) and sealed aluminium bags in screw-capped amber glass bottles (packaging 2), which were stored in real-time and accelerated stability chambers for 3 months. Samples were taken out from the chambers and were characterised for appearance, moisture content, texture, viscosity, in vitro drug release, paracetamol content, and 4-aminophenol level at different time points. The real-time storage condition at a lower temperature maintained the stability of the paracetamol instant jelly, while the accelerated condition led to a significant change in the formulation properties. In addition, the proper packaging of paracetamol instant jelly maintained the paracetamol’s stability, regardless of environmental conditions, for three months. The results show that the environmental conditions and packaging play a significant role in maintaining paracetamol instant jelly stability

A review on taste masked multiparticulate dosage forms for paediatric for tenacity and toughness improvement

Taste refers to those sensations perceived through taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity. The unpleasant taste of drugs leads to the refusal of taking the medicine in the paediatric population. It is widely known that a pharmaceutical product's general acceptability is the result of numerous contributing components such as swallowability, palatability (taste, flavour, texture, and mouthfeel), appearance, ease of administration, and patient characteristics. Multiparticulate as a dosage form is a platform technology for overcoming paediatrics' incapacity to swallow monolithic dosage forms, masking many medications' inherent nasty taste, and overcoming the obstacles of manufacturing a commercially taste masked dosage form. This review will discuss the considerations that must be taken into account to prepare taste masked multiparticulate dosage forms in the best way for paediatric use

Ibuprofen-loaded chitosan–lipid nanoconjugate hydrogel with gum arabic: Green synthesis, characterisation, in vitro kinetics mechanistic release study and PGE2 production test

Ibuprofen is a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medicine that is often used to treat inflammation in general. When given orally, it produces gastrointestinal issues which lead to lower patient compliance. Ibuprofen transdermal administration improves both patient compliance and the efficacy of the drug. Nanoconjugation hydrogels were proposed as a controlled transdermal delivery tool for ibuprofen. Six formulations were prepared using different compositions including chitosan, lipids, gum arabic, and polyvinyl alcohol, through ionic interaction, maturation, and freeze–thaw methods. The formulations were characterised by size, drug conjugation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further analysis of optimised hydrogels was performed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), rheology, gel fraction and swelling ability, in vitro drug release, and in vitro macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production testing. The effects of ibuprofen’s electrostatic interaction with a lipid or polymer on the physicochemical and dissolution characterisation of ibuprofen hydrogels were evaluated. The results showed that the S3 (with lipid conjugation) hydrogel provided higher conjugation efficiency and prolonged drug release compared with the S6 hydrogel

Systemic delivery of calcium channel blockers for hypertension through transdermal delivery - a review

Hypertension is a significant public health challenge, responsible for a substantial proportion of deaths and disability globally. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) are an essential class for the treatment of hypertension. However, most of CCBs must be taken more than once daily due to their low oral bioavailability and limited half-life leading to non-compliance in patients. The development of delivery methods for CCBs is an ongoing effort to overcome the issues related to their delivery via their traditional forms. The administration of the drug through the skin for systemic delivery has been recognised as one of the potential routes in hypertension treatment, especially when drugs suffer from low bioavailability, undesirable side effects and short biological half-life following oral administration. The main limitation of transdermal drug delivery is the resistance barrier of skin layers to penetrant molecules. Remarkable research efforts have been made worldwide to minimise the skin barrier and to create transdermal systems of several CCBs via employing skin-enhancing potential. The persistent progress in this field is promising for development the transdermal dosage forms advance technology in the long term and being commercialised sooner rather than later. This review explores the investigations on the viability and applicability of systemic delivery of numerous CCBs through the skin

A bioanalytical method for quantification of telmisartan in rat plasma; development, validation and application to pharmacokinetic study

The telmisartan was determined in a rat plasma using developed and validated a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC). The pre-treatment of the plasma sample involving liquid-liquid extraction using ethanol as the extracting solvent. The HPLC method validation has been shown a linear calibration curve over a plasma concentrations range of 0.7 to 10µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9979, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were determined to be 0.025µg/ml and 0.07µg/ml, respectively. The precision and accuracy were in an acceptable limit. The pharmacokinetic parameters of telmisartan were adequately evaluated following a single oral dose (4mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results observed conclude that the developed bioanalytical HPLC method is appropriate and applicable as an analytical tool in the pharmacokinetic study of telmisartan

Formulation development of paracetamol instant jelly for pediatric use

Objective: Paracetamol is a common antipyretic and analgesic medicine used in childhood illness by parents and physicians worldwide. Paracetamol has a bitter taste that is considered as a significant barrier for drug administration. This study aimed to develop an oral dosage form that is palatable and easy to swallow by pediatric patients as well as to overcome the shortcomings of liquid formulations. a, a,b , c, , e an

Current trends in polymer microneedle for transdermal drug delivery

Transdermal drug delivery using microneedles is increasingly gaining interest due to the issues associated with oral drug delivery routes. Gastrointestinal route exposes the drug to acid and enzymes present in the stomach, leading to denaturation of the compound and resulting in poor bioavailability. Microneedle transdermal drug delivery addresses the problems linked to oral delivery and to relieves the discomfort of patients associated with injections to increase patient compliance. Microneedles can be broadly classified into five types: solid microneedles, coated microneedles, dissolving microneedles, hollow microneedles, and hydrogel-forming microneedles. The materials used for the preparation of microneedles dictate the different applications and features present in the microneedle. Polymeric microneedle arrays present an improved method for transdermal administration of drugs as they penetrate the skin stratum corneum barrier with minimal invasiveness. The review summarizes the importance of polymeric microneedle and discussed some of the most important therapeutic drugs in research, mainly protein drugs, vaccines and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine

Pd/CNT catalysts for glycerol electro‐oxidation: Effect of Pd loading on production of valuable chemical products

Glycerol (C3H8O3), a waste product of bio‐diesel, is considered as a suitable substrate for electro‐oxidation process to generate high value added products. In this work, palladium nanoparticles supported over activated MWCNTs with loadings of 5%‐40% were prepared using chemical reduction method and further employed to explore their potential for electro‐oxidation of glycerol to produce various high‐value‐compounds. The catalysts were characterized by physiochemical methods, such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), and Transmission electron microscopy, while the electro‐oxidation activity of the catalysts was analysed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA), and the products were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The electrochemical surface area (SESA) and mass activity (MA) were increased from 176.98 m2 g‐1 to 282.29 m2 g‐1 and 12.22 mA/mg to 49.53 mA/mg by increasing the Pd‐loading from 5% to 20%, respectively. While the further increase to 40% Pd loading, the SESA and MA values decreased to 231.45 m2 g‐1 and 47.63 mA/mg respectively. The results found that the optimum 20% Pd‐loading showed the excellent electrochemical properties due to exceptional distribution of Pd‐metal particles over MWCNTs. HPLC analysis showed the tartronic acid, glyceric acid and glyceraldehyde as dominant products. Mechanism of the reaction has also been proposed based on product distribution