Chief Justice John “Marshall” Roberts—How the Chief Justice’s Majority Opinion Upholding the Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 Evokes Chief Justice Marshall’s Decision in Marbury v. Madison

[Excerpt] “The United States Supreme Court sustained the Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 based on Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.’s majority opinion in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius. The decision was feted by President Obama, liberal politicians, activists, and citizens who feared the Supreme Court would use its judicial review powers to invalidate the signature achievement of the United States’ forty-fourth President. Unsurprisingly, the decision disappointed many conservatives, who expected the Court to exercise its judicial review power to invalidate what is arguably the most important and ambitious piece of federal social welfare legislation signed into law by any President since the Great Society Era. The Act is very unpopular with conservatives and right-wing media pundits because it was signed into law by a Democratic President in a country with increasingly pronounced partisan political cleavages and because it substantially reallocates resources in an industry that already consumes nearly one-fifth of the nation’s gross domestic product. Opponents of the Act seized on the “individual mandate,” which requires federal income tax-paying individuals to “ensure that the individual, and any dependent of the individual who is an applicable individual, is covered under minimum essential coverage . . . from private health insurance companies or pay what the Act describes as a “shared responsibility payment” or “penalty” directly to the Internal Revenue Service of the United States Treasury Department (“IRS”).

Characterization of G -Semigroup by Intuitionistic N-Fuzzy Set (INFS) and its level set

Some characterizations of G -Semigroup by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets have been given here. The concept of intuitionistic N-fuzzy set (INFS) and its level set has been applied to G -semigroup. The notions of intuitionistic N-fuzzy G -subsemigroup and intuitionistic N-fuzzy G - ideals (left, right, lateral, quasi, and bi) have been introduced and characterized by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets

A distinguishable single excited-impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate

We investigate the properties of a distinguishable single excited state impurity pinned in the center of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a one-dimensional harmonic trapping potential by changing the bare mass of the impurity and its interspecies interaction strength with the BEC. We model our system by using two coupled differential equations for the condensate and the single excited-impurity wave function, which we solve numerically. For equilibrium, we obtain that an excited-impurity induces two bumps or dips on the condensate for the attractive- or repulsive-interspecies coupling strengths, respectively. Afterwards, we show that the excited-impurity induced imprint upon the condensate wave function remains present during a time-of-flight (TOF) expansion after having switched off the harmonic confinement. We also investigate shock-waves or gray-solitons by switching off the interspecies coupling strength in the presence of harmonic trapping potential. During this process, we found out that the generation of gray bi-soliton or gray quad-solitons (four-solitons) depends on the bare mass of the excited-impurity in a harmonic trap

Grushin problems and control theory: Formulation and examples

In this paper we give a new formulation of an abstract control problem in terms of a Grushin problem, so that we will reformulate all notions of controllability, observability and stability in a new form that gives readers an easy interpretation of these notions

Short run and long run dynamics of impact of health status on economic growth Evidence from Pakistan

The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on Economic growth in Pakistan. The Cointegration and Error Correction techniques were applied on the time series data of Pakistan for the period of 1972-2006. We find that Per capita GDP is positively influenced by health indicators in the long run and health indicators are having significant impact on per capita GDP. However, in the short run the health indicators fails to put significant impact on per capita GDP. It reveals that health indicators have a long run impact on economic growth. . It suggests that impact of health is only a long run phenomenon and in the short run there is no significant relationship exists between health variables and economic growth. The major policy implication of the study is that if we desire a high levels of per capita income, we can achieve it by increasing and improving the stock of health human capital, especially if current stocks are at lower end. Moreover, study also points out a rather diminutive role of public health expenditure in determining the per capita GDP.Health human capital; Economic growth; Per capita GDP; Cointegration; Error Correction

Υ\Upsilon absorption cross sections by nucleons

The cross sections of $\Upsilon$\ absorption by nucleons are calculated in meson-baryon exchange model using an effective hadronic Lagrangian. Calculated cross sections are found to peak near threshold followed by an increase which tends to settle at large center of mass energy. Peak values are found in range about 1.8 to 4 mb when cutoff parameter of monopole form factor is varied from 1.2 to 1.8 GeV. The results disagree with pQCD calculations but are consistent with the effective value of the absorption cross section extracted from p-A scattering data in E772 experiment at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=39$ GeV. We use this data value to find a best fit of the cutoff parameter which enables us provide definite predictions for the values of $\Upsilon$ absorption cross sections by nucleons for upcoming p-A scattering experiments at RHIC and LHC energies for zero rapidity $b\bar{b}$ states. The results could be useful in studying the effect of $\Upsilon$ absorption by nucleons at its production stage in relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. We also find that thermal averaged values of total absorption cross sections are small enough to rule out the effect of absorption of $\Upsilon$ by the comovers in the hadronic matter.Comment: 15 pages; 9 figure