Analysis and Application of Advanced Control Strategies to a Heating Element Nonlinear Model

open4siSustainable control has begun to stimulate research and development in a wide range of industrial communities particularly for systems that demand a high degree of reliability and availability (sustainability) and at the same time characterised by expensive and/or safety critical maintenance work. For heating systems such as HVAC plants, clear conflict exists between ensuring a high degree of availability and reducing costly maintenance times. HVAC systems have highly non-linear dynamics and a stochastic and uncontrollable driving force as input in the form of intake air speed, presenting an interesting challenge for modern control methods. Suitable control methods can provide sustainable maximisation of energy conversion efficiency over wider than normally expected air speeds and temperatures, whilst also giving a degree of “tolerance” to certain faults, providing an important impact on maintenance scheduling, e.g. by capturing the effects of some system faults before they become serious.This paper presents the design of different control strategies applied to a heating element nonlinear model. The description of this heating element was obtained exploiting a data driven and physically meaningful nonlinear continuous time model, which represents a test bed used in passive air conditioning for sustainable housing applications. This model has low complexity while achieving high simulation performance. The physical meaningfulness of the model provides an enhanced insight into the performance and functionality of the system. In return, this information can be used during the system simulation and improved model based and data driven control designs for tight temperature regulation. The main purpose of this study is thus to give several examples of viable and practical designs of control schemes with application to this heating element model. Moreover, extensive simulations and Monte Carlo analysis are the tools for assessing experimentally the main features of the proposed control schemes, in the presence of modelling and measurement errors. These developed control methods are also compared in order to evaluate advantages and drawbacks of the considered solutions. Finally, the exploited simulation tools can serve to highlight the potential application of the proposed control strategies to real air conditioning systems.openTurhan, T.; Simani, S.; Zajic, I.; Gokcen Akkurt, G.Turhan, T.; Simani, Silvio; Zajic, I.; Gokcen Akkurt, G

Detection Efficiency of NaI(Tl) Detector in 511–1332 keV Energy Range

As it is important to obtain accurate analytical result in an experimental research, this required quality control of the experimental system. Gamma spectrometry system can be used in a variety of different fields such as radiation and medical physics. In this paper the absolute efficiency, peak to valley ratio, and energy resolution of a 3′′×3′′ NaI(Tl) detector were determined experimentally for 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275, and 1332 keV photon energies obtained from 22Na, 54Mn, 60Co, and 137Cs radioactive sources

The spectrum of phenotypes associated with mutations in steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, NR5A1, Ad4BP) includes severe penoscrotal hypospadias in 46,XY males without adrenal insufficiency

OBJECTIVE. Hypospadias is a frequent congenital anomaly but in most cases an underlying cause is not found. Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, NR5A1, Ad4BP) is a key regulator of human sex development and an increasing number of SF-1 (NR5A1) mutations are reported in 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). We hypothesized that NR5A1 mutations could be identified in boys with hypospadias. DESIGN AND METHODS. Mutational analysis of NR5A1 in 60 individuals with varying degrees of hypospadias from the German DSD network. RESULTS. Heterozygous NR5A1 mutations were found in three out of 60 cases. These three individuals represented the most severe end of the spectrum studied as they presented with penoscrotal hypospadias, variable androgenization of the phallus and undescended testes (three out of 20 cases (15%) with this phenotype). Testosterone was low in all three patients and inhibin B/anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) were low in two patients. Two patients had a clear male gender assignment. Gender re-assignment to male occurred in the third case. Two patients harbored heterozygous nonsense mutations (p.Q107X/WT, p.E11X/WT). One patient had a heterozygous splice site mutation in intron 2 (c.103-3A/WT) predicted to disrupt the main DNA-binding motif. Functional studies of the nonsense mutants showed impaired transcriptional activation of an SF-1-responsive promoter (Cyp11a). To date, adrenal insufficiency has not occurred in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS. SF-1 (NR5A1) mutations should be considered in 46,XY individuals with severe (penoscrotal) hypospadias, especially if undescended testes, low testosterone, or low inhibin B/AMH levels are present. SF-1 mutations in milder forms of idiopathic hypospadias are unlikely to be common

Determination of natural radioactivity levels in soil and travertine of the region of Tokat and Sivas, Turkey

WOS: 000429070100015In this study, the environmental radioactivity measurements for Tokat and Sivas provinces in the northeast of Turkey were performed. Using gamma ray spectrometry, the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soil and travertine samples (Th-232, Ra-226, and K-40) were determined. The annual effective dose equivalent, the absorbed doses rate in air, the radium equivalent, and the external hazard index were obtained from these activities. The activity concentrations vary from 9.09 to 17.04 Bq kg(-1) for Th-232, from 36.53 to 76.95 Bq kg(-1) for Ra-226, and from 216.56 to 576.59 Bq kg(-1) for K-40 in soil samples. The activity concentrations in travertines vary from 15.99 to 21.01 Bq kg(-1) for Th-232, from 19.89 to 67.71 Bq kg(-1) for Ra-226, and from 179.89 to 314.43 Bq kg(-1) for K-40. The average dose rate in air for soil and travertine samples was 43.41 and 41.05 nGy h(-1) respectively. The obtained results are presented and compared with other studies, and the results of this study are lower than the international recommended value (55 nGy h(-1)) given by UNSCEAR (2000). The results show that the region has a background radiation level within the natural limits.Gaziosmanpasa University Scientific Research Projects Department (BAP)Gaziosmanpasa University [24/2013]This work is supported by Gaziosmanpasa University Scientific Research Projects Department (BAP) under project no. 24/2013

Methyl trans-(±)-1-oxo-2-phenethyl-3-(thio­phen-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinoline-4-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C23H21NO3S, the piperidine ring of the tetra­hydro­isoquinolinone unit adopts a screw-boat conformation. The thio­phene ring is disordered in a 0.700 (3):0.300 (3) ratio by an approximate 180° rotation of the ring around the C—C bond linking the ring to the tetra­hydro­isoquinolinone unit. The benzene ring of the tetra­hydro­isoquinolinone unit makes dihedral angles of 83.1 (2) and 62.38 (11)° with the major occupancy thio­phene ring and the phenyl ring, respectively. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the thio­phene ring is 71.0 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked together by inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions

Investigation of Double Differential Cross Sections of (γ, p) Reaction for 12 C Nuclei

Photonuclear reaction data, is important for basic and applied research. In additional to this, double differential data is especially vital in the field of nuclear medicine. The increase in the number of patients, admitted for treatment of cancer with heavy ions, poses a serious problem in terms of the risk of secondary cancer, as a result of exposure to particles of different energy and angle values, released after the nuclear reaction. The main point here is the possibility of damaging organs other than the treated one by the radiation generated in the reactions during the heavy ion therapy. Based on this, in order to assess the risk of secondary cancer the investigations of the double differential cross sections of reaction are required. Double differential cross sections of (γ,p) photonuclear reaction for 12 C nuclei were calculated as functions of incoming photon energy and angle. Nuclear reaction simulation program TALYS 1.2 was used in the calculations. The calculated cross sections were compared with both the experimental cross sections and the evaluated cross sections available in literature

YÜKSEK SICAKLIĞIN YAPI TAŞLARININ DAYANIMI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN ULTRASONİK ÖLÇÜMLER İLE KESTİRİLMESİ

Natural stones have been used as a construction material since prehistoric age. Stone buildings and their protection and restoration are nowadays in the focus of interest. Natural disasters like fire can strongly damage or even may ruin these buildings. In this study, the resistance of building stones against high temperature was determined by ultrasonic measurements. The current study focuses on changes in the ultrasonic velocity of building stone subjected to simulated fire situations in the laboratory. 14 stones having different petrographical, physical and mechanical properties were used in the laboratory studies. The ultrasonic measurements and laboratory observation have shown that the texture and mineral composition of building stones are changed by heating. These changes influence the strength and durability of building stones. The evaluation of these results provides useful information when replacing damaged stone or one has to choose the suitable restoring method for the damaged part of buildings.Doğal taşlar tarih öncesi çağdan beri yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Taş yapılar, bu yapıların korunması ve restorasyonu gibi konular günümüzde ilgi alanlarının odağında bulunmaktadır. Yangın gibi doğal felaketler bu yapılara çok fazla zarar verebilmekte ya da yıkılmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yapı taşlarının yüksek sıcaklığa karşı dirençleri ultrasonik ölçümler ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Mevcut çalışma, laboratuar ortamında yangına maruz kalan yapı taşlarının ultrasonik hızlarındaki değişime odaklanmıştır. Laboratuar çalışmalarında farklı petrografik, fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklere sahip 14 farklı yapı taşı kullanılmıştır. Ultrasonik ölçümler ve laboratuar gözlemleri yapı taşlarının doku ve mineral içeriğinin sıcaklık değişimine bağlı olarak değiştiğini göstermiştir. Bu değişimler yapı taşlarının dayanımını ve duraylılığını etkilemektedir. Bu sonuçların değerlendirilmesi, hasar gören taşların değiştirilmesi ve hasar gören binanın restorasyon yönteminin seçiminde, bize çok faydalı bilgiler verebilir

7-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetra­hydro-1-benzo­thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine

In the title compound, C11H13N3S, two of the C atoms of the cyclo­hexene ring and the methyl group attached to it are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.544 (2):0.456 (2) ratio. The benzothiene and pyrimidine rings are almost coplanar with an angular tilt of 2.371 (9)° between them. The thio­phene ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.05 Å), while the cyclo­hexene ring in both the major- and minor-occupancy conformers adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, pairs of intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving the amino groups result in centrosymmetric head-to-head dimers about inversion centres, corresponding to an R 2 2(8) graph-set motif. Further, N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding generates a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network perpendicular to the ac plane and running along the diagonal of the ac plane