アメリカ公共放送の発達におけるフォード財団の貢献とその思想

アメリカにおける公共放送の発達に及ぼしたフォード財団の貢献を否定する人は一人もいないであろう。エングルマン(Ralph Engelman)は「フォード財団はアメリカにおける非商業放送の揺籃期を注意深く育て上げ、カーネギー財団はその後の少年期の育成に努力した。この両財団の連携による貢献なしには、今日の公共放送はありえなかったであろう。」とのべ、2つの巨大篤志財団の貢献を証ししている。さらに、フォード財団成人教育基金の副会長を務め、「アメリカの教育放送」を著したブレイクリー(Robert J. Blakely)は、「1951年、フォード財団は多くの教育テレビ・ラジオ局より補助金の要請をうけ、これらの要求を実現するために成人教育基金と教育革新基金を設立し、公共放送の発展に寄与した。」とのべ、フォード財団の活動を詳述している。事実連邦政府が公的資金を公共放送の発展に支出したのは1962年公共放送設備法成立以後のことであり、それ以前は民間の資金によって公共放送は成長してきた。本論文では、初期の公共TV放送の基礎形成に貢献したフォード財団の活躍に焦点をあて、アメリカ篤志財団の篤志行為(Philanthropy)への理念、公共放送育成の理念を明らかにし、民主社会における公共放送のあり方を追求する。No one can deny the great contributions of the Ford Foundation to the growth and development of public broadcasting in the U.S.A. Comments by Ralph Engelman cite the contributions of two huge philanthropic foundations. \u27Noncommercial television in the United States,\u27 he explained, was raised as the \u27carefully nurtured offspring of the Ford Foundation and later as the adolescent stepchild of the Carnegie Corporation,\u27 and \u27without the patronage of these two powerful private philanthropic institutions,\u27 he contended that \u27a noncommercial TV system would not have assumed its present form and might not to have come into existance at all.\u27 Moreover, Robert J. Blakely, former vice chairperson of the Fund for Adult Education of the Ford Foundation and author of, \u27To Serve the Public Interest: Educational Broadcasting in the United States,\u27 gave a detailed account of Ford\u27s activities in years such as 1951, when \u27the foundation had to decide what to do with the many requests for money it received concerning educational radio and television.\u27 In fact, the Federal Government had never provided funding for the development of public broadcasting before the Educational Television Facilities Act in 1962. Back in its first decades, public broadcasting in the U.S. was developed and operated exclusively by private organizations. In this thesis, the activity of the Ford foundation, especially its contribution for the basic formation of public TV broadcasting, is brought into focus, the philanthropic concepts and objectives of American foundations in developing public broadcasting are cleared up, and optimal forms take public broadcasting should take in a democratic society are pursued and discussed

教師教育における放送の役割 : 「北海道現職放送教育講座」の事例を中心に

Since providing information to a mass-audience is thought to be the role of broadcasting, it is very unusual in the broadcasting culture that information and programs were created for school teachers, a specific professional group, though put on the exclusive air for educational broadcasting. If we trace back the history of broadcasting, from the early stages programs for teachers were developed and they have been broadcasted since in many countries in the world. From these facts, we find that the social role of programs for teachers has come to be expected in teacher training. In Japan, for instance, they began to try to educate teachers from the very beginning of broadcasting. NHK Osaka station started broadcasting programs for schools in 1933 (8 of Showa Era), as one of the memorial events for the opening of a second channel. The time table of that day states that "Teacher\u27s Hour" was on air from 3:40 to 4:00pm, from Monday to Friday, and it has continued to be broadcasted since then. In addition, 38 countries and 55 organizations took part in The Japan Prize International Educational Program Contest (Nihon-Sho) held in Tokyo in 1987. In response to questions, 19 countries and 27 organizations said that they considered teacher education to be very important, especially through broadcasting. This indicates the importance of broadcasting in teacher training. This research considers the history and the present situation of teacher training by broadcasting, and clearly shows the role of broadcasting in teacher training. It focuses on Hokkaido Broadcasting In-service Teacher Training Seminars implemented in the 1950s in Hokkaido

授業研究のためのVTR記録の開発

Video-tape recording for research on teaching and learning is known as the most effective and popular method in analysis of teaching. In the first experiment of micro-teaching at Stanford University in 1963, video-tape recording was used for evaluation of teaching practice by student teachers, and since then this method has been used for research on teaching methods. The Institute has been producing teacher-training audio-visual materials since 1984. This paper reports the search and development activities involved in those efforts

ビデオディスクによる個人学習教材の開発 : 放送大学授業番組『文化人類学』を中心に

Broadcast education has many excellent characteristics such as the possibility of wide delivery and easy utilization. However, it also suffers from the fact that it is a one-way medium without direct interaction between teachers and students. Since teachers cannot ask questions directly to students they have to resolve them by themselves. Thus, students of the University of the Air, who study in their homes by watching lecture programs transmitted from the university, need some supplementary materials to answer their questions and promote their understanding. Videodisc is now drawing attention as a medium for interactive learning because of its simple operation and easy access to the controls. A disc has the capability of holding 54,000 still pictures as well as up to thirty seconds of explanation for each one which may be added by the teacher. The application of these technical capabilities to the development of self-learning materials for distance education is now being explored. The current research is an experiment in the development of interactive learning material for distance learners using videodisc to help them study for TV courses. The videodisc consists of lecture, practical exercises and reference materials to be used in completing the exercises. After watching and listening to the lecture, students try to complete the exercises using the reference material. All of the references contain short comments by the lecturer in a style in which he would talk to students. As all the pictures are numbered with barcodes, students can access any part very quickly using a barcode access light pen

アメリカにおける公共放送の発達と大学の役割 : ボストン公共放送局とハーバード大学の事例

It is an established fact that broadcasting has been playing an important role in school education and adult education. Historically, relations between broadcasting and education vary from country to country reflecting the respective social culture, educational policy, broadcasting policy and so on. How has it been developed in the U.S.A., a pioneer of broadcasting? As of 1993, there are 994 educational broadcasting stations, TV or radio, operating in the U.S.A. About 40% (406 stations) are associated with universities and colleges, and most of their offices and studioes are located in their campuses. These stations, currently called public broadcasting stations, are usually founded and managed through audience contributions and grants from philanthropic foundations, universities and local and federal goverments. It can be said that these stations are maintained in the principle "of the people, by the people, for the people." The forerunning public broadcasting stations, established in the 1950\u27s, began their educational broadcasting services with a great deal of assistance from universities, cultural organizations and philanthropic foundations. In a fact, the universities had played a leading role in the establishments of these stations. In this paper, joint efforts of the Harvard and other universities in Massachussetts will be explored in the development of Boston Public Broadcasting Station (WGBH), in order to learn about the role of universities in public, educational broadcasting in the U.S.A

Overexpression of optineurin E50K disrupts Rab8 interaction and leads to a progressive retinal degeneration in mice

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of bilateral blindness affecting nearly 8 million people worldwide. Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). However, patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG), a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), develop the disease without IOP elevation. The molecular pathways leading to the pathology of NTG and POAG are still unclear. Here, we describe the phenotypic characteristics of transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type (Wt) or mutated optineurin (Optn). Mutations E50K, H486R and Optn with a deletion of the first (amino acids 153–174) or second (amino acids 426–461) leucine zipper were used for overexpression. After 16 months, histological abnormalities were exclusively observed in the retina of E50K mutant mice with loss of RGCs and connecting synapses in the peripheral retina leading to a thinning of the nerve fiber layer at the optic nerve head at normal IOP. E50K mice also showed massive apoptosis and degeneration of entire retina, leading to approximately a 28% reduction of the retina thickness. At the molecular level, introduction of the E50K mutation disrupts the interaction between Optn and Rab8 GTPase, a protein involved in the regulation of vesicle transport from Golgi to plasma membrane. Wt Optn and an active GTP-bound form of Rab8 complex were localized at the Golgi complex. These data suggest that alternation of the Optn sequence can initiate significant retinal degeneration in mice

Genetic analysis of typical wet-type age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese population

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of blindness in the elderly. Caucasian patients are predominantly affected by the dry form of AMD, whereas Japanese patients have predominantly the wet form of AMD and/or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Although genetic association in the 10q26 (ARMS2/HTRA1) region has been established in many ethnic groups for dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV, the contribution of the 1q32 (CFH) region seem to differ among these groups. Here we show a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus is associated in the whole genome for Japanese typical wet-type AMD (rs10490924: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 4.1 \times 10 ^{ - 4}$$\end{document}, OR = 4.16) and PCV (rs10490924: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 3.7 \times 10 ^{ -8}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.72) followed by CFH (rs800292: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 7.4 \times 10 ^{ -5}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.08; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 2.6 \times {10^{ - 4}}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.00), which differs from previous studies in Caucasian populations. Moreover, a SNP (rs2241394) in complement component C3 gene showed significant association with PCV (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 2.5 \times {10^{ - 3}}$$\end{document}, OR = 3.47). We conclude that dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV have both common and distinct genetic risks that become apparent when comparing Japanese versus Caucasian populations

The Effects of Instructional Video in Distance Learning in Junior High Schools in Peru

この報告は平成12年度～14年度科学研究補助金基盤研究(B) 2 (課題番号12571042、研究代表者:赤堀正宜・桐蔭横浜大学)として実施した「ペルー遠隔中学校におけるテレビの教育効果研究」の主として宇佐美昇三担当部分である。これまで、科研費報告書(平成15年3月)をはじめ、日本教育メディア学会、日本映像学会で、各年次の調査結果を明らかにしたが、これだけをまとめたものはない。さいわい2003年9月4～7日、韓国ソウルで開かれたKAEIB(韓国教育情報・放送研究学会)と日本教育メディア学会の合同研究会で、口頭発表する機会を得たので、新資料を加えて、ここに新たに書き下ろした。ペルー現地での調査備忘録(邦文)を付し、今後、同様の調査される方のご参考とする。This paper outlines a pilot study of Peruvian distance learning in junior high schools (hereafter referred to as "DJHS") conducted in 2000-2002. Results of the study are as follows: 1) Multimedia lessons were effective in increased learning, especially in Mathematics. 2) Student reactions to the multimedia lessons included "interesting", "useful" and "could concentrate." 3) Through the daily watching of TV in school, student\u27s visual comprehension skills improved significantly