JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

The solid state Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectra of 2-Thienylboronic acid (2TBA), were recorded in the range of 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. DFT/B3LYP theory was used for the optimization of the ground state geometry and simulation of the infrared and Raman spectra of the title molecule. To determine lowest-energy molecular conformation of the studied molecule, the selected torsion angles were varied in steps of 10 degrees and complete 3D molecular energy profile was calculated. Among the four possible conformers (Trans-Trans, Cis-Cis, Trans-Cis and Cis-Trans), the most stable conformer of 2TBA is the Trans-Cis form. The vibrational wavenumbers and their assignments were carried out theoretically using the Gaussian09 set of quantum chemistry codes and the normal modes were calculated using MOLVIB program. Experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the title compound were compared with the spectral data obtained by DFT/B3LYP method. Dipole moment, polarizability, first static hyperpolarizability and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs) map have been calculated to get a better perception of the properties of the title molecule. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to study the stability of the molecule arising from charge delocalization. UV-Vis spectrum of the title molecule was also recorded (500-200 nm) in methanol and electronic properties such as frontier orbitals and energy gap were calculated by TD-DFT approach. The H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the studied molecule were recorded in DMSO-d6 and calculated by Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

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Not AvailableMicrobial communities in different samples collected from cold deserts of north western Himalayas, India, were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis. A total of 232 bacterial isolates were characterized employing 16S rDNA-Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis with the three restriction endonucleases Alu I, Msp I and Hae III, which led to formation of 29-54 groups for the different sites, adding up to169 groups. 16S rRNA gene based phylogenetic analysis, revealed that 82 distinct species of 31 different genera, belonged to four phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. PLFA profiling was performed for concerned samples which gave an estimate of microbial communities without cultivating the microorganisms. PLFA analysis led to characterization of diverse group of microbes in different samples such as gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, anaerobic bacteria, sulphate reducing bacteria and fungi. The representative strains were screened for their plant growth promoting attributes, which included production of ammonia, HCN, gibberellic acid, IAA and siderophore; solubilization of phosphorus and activity of ACC deaminase. In vitro antifungal activity assay was performed against Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Cold adapted microorganisms may serve as inoculants for crops growing under cold climatic conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report for the presence of Arthrobacter nicotianae, Brevundimonas terrae, Paenibacillus tylopili and Pseudomonas cedrina in cold deserts and exhibit multifunctional PGP attributes at low temperatures.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe plant growth promoting psychrotrophic Bacilli were investigated from different sites in north western Indian Himalayas. A total of 247 morphotypes were obtained from different soil and water samples and were grouped into 43 clusters based on 16S rDNA-RFLP analysis with three restriction endonucleases. Sequencing of representative isolates has revealed that these 43 Bacilli belonged to different species of 11 genera viz., Desemzia, Exiguobacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pontibacillus, Sinobaca, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus and Virgibacillus. With an aim to develop microbial inoculants that can perform efficiently at low temperatures, all representative isolates were screened for different plant growth promoting traits at low temperatures (5-15 degrees C). Among the strains, variations were observed for production (%) of indole-3-acetic acid (20), ammonia (19), siderophores (11), gibberellic acid (4) and hydrogen cyanide (2); solubilisation (%) of zinc (14), phosphate (13) and potassium (7); 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity (6%) and biocontrol activity (4%) against Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Among all the strains, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus muralis, Desemzia incerta, Paenibacillus tylopili and Sporosarcina globispora were found to be potent candidates to be developed as inoculants as they exhibited multiple PGP traits at low temperature.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe extreme cold environments harbor novel psychrotrophic microbes. The psychrotrophic microbes have been reported as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents for sustainable agriculture, in industry as cold-adapted hydrolytic enzymes and in medicine as secondary metabolites and pharmaceutical important bioactive compounds. Inoculation with psychrotrophic/psychrotolerant strains significantly enhanced root/shoot biomass and nutrients uptake as compared to non-bacterized control. The psychrotrophic microbes play important role in alleviation of cold stress in plant growing at high hill and low temperature and conditions. The psychrotrophic microbes have been reported from worldwide from cold habitats and belong to all three domain archaea, bacteria, and eukarya including different phylum such as Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Chloroflexi, Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia, Mucoromycota, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Thaumarchaeota and Nitrospirae. The most dominant genera belong to Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Paenibacillus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, and Serratia have been reported from the cold habitats. The Psychrotrophic microbes have biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, food, and allied sectors.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe diversity of culturable, cold-active enzymes producing Bacilli was investigated from three sub-glacial lakes of north western Indian Himalayas. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using three restriction enzymes Alu I, Msp I, and Hae III led to the clustering of 136 Bacilli into 26, 23, and 22 clusters at 75% similarity index from Chandratal Lake, Dashair Lake, and Pangong Lake, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing led to the identification of 35 Bacilli that could be grouped in seven families viz.: Bacillaceae (48%), Staphylococcaceae (14%), Bacillales incertae sedis (13%), Planococcaceae (12%), Paenibacillaceae (9%), Sporolactobacillaceae (3%), and Carnobacteriaceae (1%), which included twelve different genera Bacillus, Desemzia, Exiguobacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pontibacillus, Sinobaca, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, and Virgibacillus. Based on their optimal temperature for growth, 35 Bacilli were grouped as psychrophilic (11 strains), psychrotrophic (17 strains), or psychrotolerant (7 strains), respectively. The representative isolates from each cluster were screened for cold-active enzyme activities. Amylase, β-glucosidase, pectinase, and protease activities at 4 °C were detected in more than 80% of the strains while approximately 40, 31, 23, 14, 11, and 9% of strains possessed cellulase, xylanase, β-galactosidase, laccase, chitinase, and lipase activity, respectively. Among 35 Bacilli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus marisflavi, Exiguobacterium indicum, Paenibacillus terrae, Pontibacillus sp., Sporosarcina globispora, and Sporosarcina psychrophila were efficient producers of different cold-active enzymes. These cold-adapted Bacilli could play an important role in industrial and agricultural processes.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableExtreme cold environments are the hot spots of biodiver-sity of diverse groups of microbes including archaea, bac-teria and fungi. Prospecting the cold habitats of the Indian Himalayan region has led to the isolation of a great diversi-ty of psychrotrophic microbes. The cold-adapted microbes have potential biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine and industry as they can produce cold-adapted enzymes, anti-freezing compounds, antibiotics and possess diverse multifarious plant growth promoting attributes. Cold adapted microbes are ubiquitous in nature and can be isolated from permanently ice-covered lakes, cloud glaciers, and hilly regions. Microbes recovered using culture depen-dent techniques belong to different phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, Cy-anobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria of diverse gen-era namely: Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Cellu-losimicrobium, Citricoccus, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Flavobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Lysinibacillus, Methylo-bacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Planococcus, Pontibacil-lus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Rhodococcus, Sanguibacter, Sphingobacterium, Sporosarcina, Staphylococ-cus, Stenotrophomonas and Virgibacillus. The cold adapted microbes with multifunctional attributes may be applied in industry and agriculture sectors.Not Availabl

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Not Availableo study culturable bacterial diversity undersubzero temperature conditions and their possible functionalannotation, soil and water samples from Leh Ladakh regionwere analysed. Ten different nutrient combinations wereused to isolate the maximum possible culturable morpho-types. A total of 325 bacterial isolates were characterizedemploying 16S rDNA-Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restric-tion Analysis with three restriction endonucleasesAluI,MspI andHaeIII, which led to formation of 23–40 groups forthe different sites at 75 % similarity index, adding up to 175groups. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genesequencing led to the identification of 175 bacteria, groupedin four phyla, Firmicutes (54 %), Proteobacteria (28 %),Actinobacteria (16 %) and Bacteroidetes (3 %), and inclu-ded 29 different genera with 57 distinct species. Overall39 % of the total morphotypes belonged to theBacillusandBacillusderived genera (BBDG) followed byPseudomonas(14 %),Arthrobacter(9 %),Exiguobacterium(8 %),Ali-shewanella(4 %),Brachybacterium, Providencia, Plano-coccus(3 %),Janthinobacterium,Sphingobacterium,Kocuria(2 %) andAurantimonas, Citricoccus, Cellulosi-microbium, Brevundimonas, Desemzia, Flavobacterium,Klebsiella, Paracoccus, Psychrobacter, Sporosarcina,Staphylococcus, Sinobaca, Stenotrophomonas, Sanguib-acter, Vibrio(1 %). The representative isolates from eachcluster were screened for their plant growth promotingcharacteristics at low temperature (5–15°C). Variationswere observed among strains for production of ammonia,hydrogen cyanide, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore,solubilisation of phosphate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-car-boxylate deaminase activity and biocontrol activity againstRhizoctonia solaniandMacrophomina phaseolina.Coldadapted microbes may have application as inoculants andbiocontrol agents in crops growing at high altitudes undercold climate condition.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe archaea are ubiquitous in extreme habitat and have been firstly reported from only in harsh environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes, but due to metagenomic, it revealed that archaea found in a broad range of habitats, including soils, oceans, and marshlands. Archaea are a major part of Earth’s planets and may play roles in C-cycle and N-cycle. The archaea belonged to mainly two phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota, other groups have been tentatively created such as Nanoarchaeota and Korarchaeota, which contains a small group of unusual thermophilic species that shares features of both of the main phyla of Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Microorganisms, particularly eubacteria and fungi are known to play an important role in biogeochemical cycling and making available important nutrients like N, P, K, Fe and Zn to the plants through fixation, solubilization or mobilization of nu-trients. However, the role of archaea, that inhabits extreme environments, comprises more than 20% of the world’ biomass has not been well studied. There are few reports on plant growth promoting archaea including phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, siderophore production and Indole acetic acids production. Plant growth promoting attributes found in different archaea including Natrialba, Natrinema, Halolamina, Halosarcina, Halostagnicola, Haloarcula, Natronoarchaeum, Halobacterium, Halococcus, Haloferax and Haloterrigena. Due to unique adaptation to drastically varying ecosystems, archaea have special interest of potential biotechno-logical application in agriculture, medicine and industry.Not Availabl

Interfacial rheology of coexisting solid and fluid monolayers

Biologically relevant monolayer and bilayer films often consist of micron-scale high viscosity domains in a continuous low viscosity matrix. Here we show that this morphology can cause the overall monolayer fluidity to vary by orders of magnitude over a limited range of monolayer compositions. Modeling the system as a two-dimensional suspension in analogy with classic three-dimensional suspensions of hard spheres in a liquid solvent explains the rheological data with no adjustable parameters. In monolayers with ordered, highly viscous domains dispersed in a continuous low viscosity matrix, the surface viscosity increases as a power law with the area fraction of viscous domains. Changing the phase of the continuous matrix from a disordered fluid phase to a more ordered, condensed phase dramatically changes the overall monolayer viscosity. Small changes in the domain density and/or continuous matrix composition can alter the monolayer viscosity by orders of magnitude