Prevalence and factors favoring overweight and obesity in Algerian child and adolescent; case of the population of Constantine / Algeria

AbstractBackground: Our objectives through this paper are multiple: to measure the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children between 5-11 years and in adolescents between 12-17 years; highlight the main causes that influence this phenomenon in children and adolescents under 18 years old; highlight the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in these age groups; and finally, the policies to be applied to stop or curb this phenomenon.Methods: This is a descriptive, transversal survey which focused on a representative sample of children and adolescents during the month of July 2018. The study population consisted of 1022 children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years, who frequent a municipal swimming pool located in the wilaya of Constantine / Algeria. These children and adolescents were selected by chance for a few days over the four weeks of July 2018. Information concerning the socio-demographic characteristics, eating habits and sedentary behavior for each individual was specified by means of a questionnaire. Results: Among the results of this study: overweight affects 14% of children between 5-11 years old, while with moderate obesity, it affects 4% of children in this age category; for adolescents aged 12-17 years, 17% of them are overweight, and 7% have moderate obesity; several factors contribute to gaining extra pounds (gender and age, some hereditary factors, eating habits and physical inactivity).Conclusion: Identifying the risk factors for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents under 18 years old, would help identify risky habits and behaviors in order to propose appropriate prevention measures. These measures should be included in a health education strategy and a health promotion strategy

The economic approach of road safety; unique objective and contradictory motivations!

Abstract: Although the topic is a multidisciplinary field, we will address, through this article, road safety from an angle, more or less economic. Thus, the scarcity of the human or material resources of the victims of the accident, the non-abundance of budgetary means allocated to mitigate the damage of the accident (hospital expenses, reimbursements of insurance companies, etc.), the efficiency of the choices to be learned by the public authorities to deal with the hecatomb and the socio-economic benefits of road users (individuals or companies), etc. are road safety issues that constitute, from near or far, a discipline that we can call "the economics of road safety".Through our analysis we arrived at these results: Although the objective of road safety is clear: "to save as much life as possible from the traffic hecatomb", the motivations of each stakeholder in a road safety are not homogeneous and can be even contradictory, that it is within the same group of actors or at the level of the society as a whole. Thus, the sources of this contradiction can be: cultural, social, economic, etc. which divides instead of gathering opinion of the different actors on questions like: the causes of the accident, the settlement of the prejudices of the insecurity road, the regulation which frames the road organization, the solutions to elaborate, of time to another, to improve the lives of road users. Finally, the rationality of our days is approached in an artificial way, restricted and limited by a cost-benefit approach peculiar to a modern, liberal and immoral society

University contribution to local development; The conditions for a good anchorage

A multitude of initiatives that have emerged during the last 30 years, in several countries across all continents, confirm a new type of local development. The latter is characterized by a territorialized participative approach, which involves several activities and several partners, promoting a new development model in a modern management environment.Through this paper, we will try to highlight the concept of local development, to present the various contributions of the University in its territory that promote the participatory approach of socio-economic and socio-cultural development. Finally, we will highlight some international experiences that illustrate examples of how the University is anchored in its territory, including incentives that open up the University and facilitate access to the University campus from the outside world

Gouvernance d’entreprise post Enron Le risque business comme nouvelle approche de l’audit

Our objective through this paper is to highlight the audit strategy as a primordial tool, in order to achieve lasting corporate governance, especially after the scandals (Enron, Worldcom, Parmalat…) that shook the world of business in the early 21st century. A new audit strategy called "business risk" was developed by American audit firms at the beginning of this century to try to thwart financial scandals. The specificity of this new audit approach is not limited to the evaluation of the sincerity of the summary statements, it allows the company to be up to date in terms of advancements save in the field of business management, the characteristics of the company and its internal and external environment, as well as the almost permanent development of the obligations and rights of audit firms, etcNotre objectif à travers ce papier est de mettre en valeur la stratégie d’audit comme un outil primordiale, afin de parvenir à une gouvernance d’entreprise pérenne, surtout après les scandales (Enron, Worldcom, Parmalat…) qui ont secoué le monde des affaires au début du 21éme siècle. Une nouvelle stratégie d’audit appelé «  le risque business » a été développé par des cabinets d’audits américains, au début de ce siècle pour essayer de contrecarrer les scandales financiers. La spécificité de cette nouvelle approche d’audit ne se limite pas à l’évaluation de la sincérité des états de synthèse,  elle permet à l’entreprise d’être à jours en matière d’ avancements enregistrer dans le domaine de gestion d’entreprise, les caractéristiques de l’entreprise et son environnement interne et externe, ainsi que le développement quasi-permanent des obligations et des droits des cabinets d’audit, et