Is there sufficient Ensifer and Rhizobium species diversity in UK farmland soils to support red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (T. repens), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and black medic (M. lupulina)?

Rhizobia play important roles in agriculture owing to their ability to fix nitrogen through a symbiosis with legumes. The specificity of rhizobia-legume associations means that underused legume species may depend on seed inoculation with their rhizobial partners. For black medic (Medicago lupulina) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) little is known about the natural prevalence of their rhizobial partner Ensifer meliloti in UK soils, so that the need for inoculating them is unclear. We analysed the site-dependence of rhizobial seed inoculation effects on the subsequent ability of rhizobial communities to form symbioses with four legume species (Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, Trifolium repens and T. pratense). At ten organic farms across the UK, a species-diverse legume based mixture (LBM) which included these four species was grown. The LBM seed was inoculated with a mix of commercial inocula specific for clover and lucerne. At each site, soil from the LBM treatment was compared to the soil sampled prior to the sowing of the LBM (the control). From each site and each of the two treatments, a suspension of soils was applied to seedlings of the four legume species and grown in axenic conditions for six weeks. Root nodules were counted and their rhizobia isolated. PCR and sequencing of a fragment of the gyrB gene from rhizobial isolates allowed identification of strains. The number of nodules on each of the four legume species was significantly increased when inoculated with soil from the LBM treatment compared to the control. Both the proportion of plants forming nodules and the number of nodules formed varied significantly by site, with sites significantly affecting the Medicago species but not the Trifolium species. These differences in nodulation were broadly reflected in plant biomass where site and treatment interacted; at some sites there was a significant advantage from inoculation with the commercial inoculum but not at others. In particular, this study has demonstrated the commercial merit of inoculation of lucerne with compatible rhizobia

Effectiveness Model Vreir at acquisition Concepts Matter Social Studies I have Students Class Fifth Primary

     &#x0D;           The current research aims to identify the (effective Onmodj Fryer in acquiring the concepts of material sociology at the fifth-grade elementary students), formed the research sample of 85 students from fourth grade literature students at the School of basic emerald of the General Directorate for Educational Baghdad's Rusafa / second. For the academic year (2016-2017).&#x0D; I chose the researcher randomly Division (b) to represent the first experimental group and number (42) students, and Division (c) to represent the second experimental group and number (43) students. Find the two sets of students was rewarded before starting experience in a number of statistical variables, namely, (chronological age measured in months and the level of intelligence and educational attainment of the parents). Then try researcher adjust the number of extraneous variables that may affect the variables followers, and select the first quarter and the second from the textbook taught in the experiment, formulas (20) behaviorally target in light of the overall objectives and content of scientific material, and offered a group of professionals and arbitrators, and then prepared Researcher plans exemplary in teaching the material-specific experience, using the model Fryer for the students of the experimental group, the traditional way (normal) for the control group students, and presented to a group of arbitrators and experts in teaching methods and measurement and evaluation, and studied two groups of research himself. The researcher developed a test to gain concepts in social studies material consists of (20) items of multiple choice.</jats:p