Mejora de la calidad nutritiva del tomate: búsqueda de fuentes de variabilidad, estudio de la influencia del ambiente y determinación del control genético

Recientemente se ha demostrado la importancia de las vitaminas y carotenoides del tomate en la prevención de enfermedades degenerativas, por lo que resultaría de gran interés mejorar el contenido de estos compuestos en dicha hortaliza. Pero para iniciar un programa de mejora se deberían cumplir los siguientes objetivos: (i) estudiar la variabilidad presente en germoplasma de Solanum, (ii) ver la influencia del ambiente en estos caracteres, (iii) estudio del control genético de dichos caracteres en las entradas seleccionadas y (iv) aumentar la rapidez y precisión de la cuantificación de los carotenoides. En esta tesis se ha puesto de manifiesto la gran variabilidad presente en germoplasma de tomate, que podría usarse tanto como parentales donantes de alta acumulación de compuestos funcionales (la entrada BGV8166), como directamente en campo aumentando la agrobiodiversidad (unas 20 entradas entre tomate común y cherry con un mayor contenido que el considerado normal para tomate cultivado). Además, se evaluaron 10 entradas preseleccionadas como potencialmente interesantes en 3 ambientes de cultivo, cuyas diferencias tuvieron una influencia destacable en la expresión fenotípica de los caracteres analizados. Sin embargo, el efecto genotípico tuvo la mayor contribución al fenotipo junto a una considerable interacción con el ambiente. Entre las entradas evaluadas, destacaron: CDP1568, CDP7090 y CDP9822 de S. pimpinellifolium que podrán usarse como parentales donantes en la mejora del contenido de carotenoides del tomate cultivado y la entrada CDP4777 (S.lycopersicon var cerasifome) con alto potencial genotípico y estabilidad para acumular (beta)-caroteno y ácido ascórbico. De estas entradas, se seleccionó la CDP4777 por ser de la misma especie que el tomate cultivado, para analizar con detalle su control genético en la acumulación de (beta)-caroteno y ácido ascórbico. Los resultados indicaron que la acumulación de (beta)-caroteno derivada de CDP4777 fue principalmente de carácter aditivo.Adalid Martínez, AM. (2011). Mejora de la calidad nutritiva del tomate: búsqueda de fuentes de variabilidad, estudio de la influencia del ambiente y determinación del control genético [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12265Palanci

Identification of organoleptic and functional quality profiles in Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato

The original publication is available at www.actahort.orgDespite the increasing importance of the internal quality in breeding programmes and marketing of tomato, little information is available regarding organoleptic and functional profiles of traditional cultivars of renowned quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal quality of 51 traditional tomato accessions representative of the Spanish genepool. Total soluble solids, oxalic, malic, citric and glutamic acids, fructose, glucose and sucrose, vitamin C and lycopene were determined, thereby obtaining the respective organoleptic and functional profiles. These profiles will be very valuable in establishing breeding objectives, to provide the cultivars appreciated by consumers, willing to pay higher prices for them. A considerable high level of variability has been found in the profiles obtained and no clear groups could be identified with regards to fruit morphology or local name. Variability was higher in those traits affecting functional quality (coefficients of variation of 51.2% for vitamin C and 74.6% for lycopene content) than those affecting organoleptic quality (coefficients of variation ranged from 18% for total soluble contents to 38.8% for glutamic acid). Additionally, several accessions were selected on the basis of their higher individual contents for further studies of internal quality. These accessions were CDP8102 and CDP3547 for high malic acid, accession CDP6315 for high fructose and glucose levels, accession CDP1523 for its lycopene content and accessions CDP2226 and CDP336 for high vitamin C content. Considering previous correlations between individual contents and consumer preference, accessions CDP7554, CDP2666 and CDP3547 should be further evaluated for their overall flavour quality.Cortés Olmos, C.; Leiva Brondo, M.; Adalid Martinez, AM.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Identification of organoleptic and functional quality profiles in Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato. International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.918.62

Effect of the Genotype and Growing Conditions on the Main Phenolic Compounds in Capsicum Peppers

Capsicum peppers is one of the most important vegetables, with a well known nutritional properties, including phenolics. Breeding peppers adapted to organic agriculture and rich in bioactive compounds is of paramount importance for this sector since the demand of organic and healthy food is increasing in many countries. This is a preliminary study on the effect of genotype, growing conditions and their interaction on the main phenolics of peppers. Fruits from four Capsicum annuum (BGV-10582, Bierzo, Bola and Piquillo) and one C. chinense (ECU-994) accessions, were cultivated under organic and conventional practices and main phenolic compounds quercetin and luteolin were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Differences were found among accessions for both compounds in the studied accessions, particularly ECU-994. Differences for each phenolic compound were also detected between growing systems. Moreover, considerable interaction between genotype and growing conditions was found, suggesting that there are ample opportunities for selecting peppers with high content in phenolics and specifically adapted to organic cultivation

Fruit Composition of Eggplant Lines with Introgressions from the Wild Relative S. incanum: Interest for Breeding and Safety for Consumption

[EN] The wild species Solanum incanum has been used as a donor parent for the development of a set of eggplant introgression lines (ILs), which are of interest for breeding for stress tolerances and relevant morpho-agronomic traits but could also be useful for breeding for fruit quality, due to the generally higher content in health-promoting compounds of S. incanum. The use of eggplant ILs with introgressions from S. incanum requires ensuring that glycoalkaloids levels are below safety limits. We evaluated 25 fruit composition traits, including proximate composition, sugars, acids, phenolics, glycoalkaloids, and minerals in a set of 16 eggplant ILs with S. incanum, both parents and the F-1, grown under two environments (open field and screenhouse). The results demonstrated that the parents were significantly different regarding most fruit composition traits. Large variation was found among the 16 ILs for all traits analyzed and a strong influence of the environment accounted for the variation of 17 out of the 25 traits evaluated. Although the S. incanum parent produced fruits with high levels of glycoalkaloids, the 16 ILs showed mean values of total glycoalkaloids below the currently accepted safety limit for human consumption (200 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Overall, the ILs produced fruits that are safe for consumption, with nutritional and functional quality similar to the recipient parent. Furthermore, six putative QTLs were detected spread over chromosomes 3 for crude protein, 5 for malic and total acids, and 7 for chlorogenic acid and solamargine, and potential candidate genes were spotted for most of them, which provide new relevant information for eggplant breeding.This work was undertaken as part of the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information see the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/.Funding was also received from grants AGL2015-64755-R funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe" and RTI-2018-094592-B-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes, and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops). M.P. is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for a post-doctoral grant with the Juan de la Cierva program (grant number IJC2019-039091-I from MCIN/AEI/10.1309/501100011033). P.G. is grateful to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for a post-doctoral grant (P19105, FY2019 JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research in Japan). E.R.-M. is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (grant number BES-2016-077482 from MCIN/AEI/10.1309/501100011033).Rosa-Martínez, E.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; García-Martínez, MD.; Mangino, G.; Raigón Jiménez, MD.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; Gramazio, P.... (2022). Fruit Composition of Eggplant Lines with Introgressions from the Wild Relative S. incanum: Interest for Breeding and Safety for Consumption. Agronomy. 12(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy1202026611212

Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions

[EN] The study of the diversity within and between major Solanaceae crops (pepper, tomato, eggplant) is of interest for the selection and development of balanced diets. We have measured thirty-six major fruit composition traits, encompassing sugars, organic acids, antioxidants and minerals, in a set of 10 accessions per crop for pepper, tomato and eggplant, grown under the same cultivation conditions. The aim was to evaluate the diversity within species and to provide an accurate comparison of fruit composition among species by reducing to a minimum the environmental effect. Pepper, tomato and eggplant had a clearly distinct composition profile. Pepper showed the highest average content in total sugars and organic acids. Fructose and glucose were the major sugar compounds in the three species, although in pepper and tomato sucrose was present only in trace amounts. Citric acid was the major organic acid in pepper and tomato, while in eggplant it was malic acid. Pepper and eggplant had the highest total antioxidant activity. Vitamin C content was much higher in pepper than in tomato and eggplant, while eggplant accumulated high concentrations of chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, eggplant was the species with higher content in most minerals, particularly for K, Mg and Cu, while pepper was the richest in Fe. Due to their complementary nutritional profiles, a combined regular consumption of the three vegetables would supply more than 20% of the Dietary Reference Intake of several of the analysed phytochemicals. The large diversity within each species is of interest for selecting varieties with better nutritional and organoleptic profiles, as well as for breeding new cultivars.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 677379 (Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Sola-naceous crops; G2PSOL) . Elena RosaMartinez is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (BES2016077482)Rosa-Martínez, E.; García-Martínez, MD.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; Pereira-Días, L.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Soler-Calabuig, E.; Figás-Moreno, MDR.... (2021). Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions. Food Research International. 147:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110531S11314

Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels

[EN] The 'de penjar' tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a group of local varieties from the Spanish Mediterranean region carrying the alc mutation, which provides long shelf-life. Their evolution under low-input management practices has led to the selection of resilient genotypes to adverse conditions. Here we present the first evaluation on nutritional fruit composition of a collection of 44 varieties of 'de penjar' tomato under two N fertilization levels, provided by doses of manure equivalent to 162 kg N ha(-1) in the high N treatment and 49 kg N ha(-1) in the low N treatment. Twenty-seven fruit composition and quality traits, as well as plant yield and SPAD value, were evaluated. A large variation was observed, with lycopene being the composition trait with the highest relative range of variation (over 4-fold) under both N treatments, and significant differences among varieties were detected for all traits. While yield and most quality traits were not affected by the reduction in N fertilization, fruits from the low N treatment had, on average, higher values for hue (5.9%) and lower for fructose (-11.5%), glucose (-15.8%), and total sweetness index (-12.9%). In addition, lycopene and beta-carotene presented a strongly significant genotype x N input interaction. Local varieties had higher values than commercial varieties for traits related to the ratio of sweetness to acidity and for vitamin C, which reinforces the appreciation for their organoleptic and nutritional quality. Highest-yielding varieties under both conditions displayed wide variation in the composition and quality profiles, which may allow the selection of specific ideotypes with high quality under low N conditions. These results revealed the potential of 'de penjar' varieties as a genetic resource in breeding for low N inputs and improving the organoleptic and nutritional tomato fruit quality.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 774244 (Breeding for resilient, efficient and sustainable organic vegetable production; BRESOV), by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion under grant agreement no. PCI2019-103375 (project SOLNUE in the framework of the H2020 call SusCrop-ERA-Net; ID#47), and by Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Innovacio, Universitats, Ciencia I Societat Digital) under grant agreement no. AICO/2020/042. ER-M is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (BES-2016-077482).Rosa-Martínez, E.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; Alvarado, LE.; Burguet-Belda, R.; García-Martínez, MD.; Pereira-Días, L.; Casanova-Calancha, C.... (2021). Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.6339571191

Fruit Composition of Eggplant Lines with Introgressions from the Wild Relative S. incanum: Interest for Breeding and Safety for Consumption

The wild species Solanum incanum has been used as a donor parent for the development of a set of eggplant introgression lines (ILs), which are of interest for breeding for stress tolerances and relevant morpho-agronomic traits but could also be useful for breeding for fruit quality, due to the generally higher content in health-promoting compounds of S. incanum. The use of eggplant ILs with introgressions from S. incanum requires ensuring that glycoalkaloids levels are below safety limits. We evaluated 25 fruit composition traits, including proximate composition, sugars, acids, phenolics, glycoalkaloids, and minerals in a set of 16 eggplant ILs with S. incanum, both parents and the F1, grown under two environments (open field and screenhouse). The results demonstrated that the parents were significantly different regarding most fruit composition traits. Large variation was found among the 16 ILs for all traits analyzed and a strong influence of the environment accounted for the variation of 17 out of the 25 traits evaluated. Although the S. incanum parent produced fruits with high levels of glycoalkaloids, the 16 ILs showed mean values of total glycoalkaloids below the currently accepted safety limit for human consumption (200 mg kg−1 fresh weight). Overall, the ILs produced fruits that are safe for consumption, with nutritional and functional quality similar to the recipient parent. Furthermore, six putative QTLs were detected spread over chromosomes 3 for crude protein, 5 for malic and total acids, and 7 for chlorogenic acid and solamargine, and potential candidate genes were spotted for most of them, which provide new relevant information for eggplant breeding

Podcasts como ferramenta para aprender sobre Direito

La proliferación de nuevas formas de transmisión del conocimiento, así como de su difusión constituye una oportunidad que la enseñanza del Derecho no puede dejar pasar. La elaboración de podcast o podcasting con fines educativos o de aplicación a la docencia ha sido ya objeto de utilización en el contexto anglosajón y, en un nivel mucho menor, en el contexto español. Como ya alude Piñero-Otero, T. en su investigación “La utilización de los podcasts en la universidad española: entre la institución y la enseñanza”, la incorporación de los podcasts como herramienta docente en las universidades españolas fue tardía respecto a otras universidades, como las norteamericanas. Y, no sólo eso, sino que su aplicación en la práctica es escasa. Los podcasts muestran relevantes potencialidades para la formación universitaria y, en específico, para la formación en Derecho. El formato de fragmentos o episodios de audio que desarrollan conocimiento, online, público, gratuito y accesible en cualquier momento se evidencia pertinente para captar el interés del estudiantado. Evidencia que queda patente en los estudios que ya han aplicado esta herramienta. El presente proyecto busca fomentar la extensión de este instrumento en el entorno universitario como recurso formativo complementario y de apoyo a la clase magistral y práctica establecida en la regulación de las enseñanzas superiores. Tal y como se ha apuntado en numerosas ocasiones por docentes que ya han aplicado los podcasts en la educación, se trata de una fuente más que, en ningún caso, se propone como sustitutoria de las clases ordinarias. Ello supondría el desencadenamiento de efectos negativos como una insuficiencia de formación, falta de intercambio de pensamiento y debate y riesgo de asistencia y participación en el aula, entre otros. Respecto de este último aspecto, estudios como el de Parson, V., Reddy, P., Wood, J. y Senior, C. (2009), “Educating and iPod generation: undergraduate attitudes, experiences and understanding of vodcast and podcast use”, reflejan que los estudiantes consideran como un aspecto muy positivo el hecho de que los podcasts permitan aprender y revisar el contenido de la asignatura; aspecto que quedaría desvirtuado si la docencia tradicional quedará completamente subsumida al empleo del podcast.El objetivo del Proyecto de Innovación Docente es ofrecer una herramienta para el aprendizaje del Derecho, basada en la digitalización mediante podcast, que permita a los estudiantes disponer de contenidos jurídicos para su proceso formativo.The aim of the Teaching Innovation Project is to offer a tool for learning law, based on digitalisation through podcasts, which allows students to have access to legal content for their learning process.L'obiettivo del Progetto di Innovazione Didattica è quello di offrire uno strumento per l'apprendimento del diritto, basato sulla digitalizzazione attraverso i podcast, che permetta agli studenti di avere accesso a contenuti giuridici per il loro processo di formazione.O objetivo do Projeto de Inovação Didática é oferecer uma ferramenta de aprendizagem do direito, baseada na digitalização através de podcasts, que permita aos estudantes ter acesso a conteúdos jurídicos para o seu processo de formação.Depto. de Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad SocialFac. de DerechoFALSEsubmitte