Deterrence in Cyberspace: An Interdisciplinary Review of the Empirical Literature

The popularity of the deterrence perspective across multiple scientific disciplines has sparked a lively debate regarding its relevance in influencing both offenders and targets in cyberspace. Unfortunately, due to the invisible borders between academic disciplines, most of the published literature on deterrence in cyberspace is confined within unique scientific disciplines. This chapter therefore provides an interdisciplinary review of the issue of deterrence in cyberspace. It begins with a short overview of the deterrence perspective, presenting the ongoing debates concerning the relevance of deterrence pillars in influencing cybercriminals’ and cyberattackers’ operations in cyberspace. It then reviews the existing scientific evidence assessing various aspects of deterrence in the context of several disciplines: criminology, law, information systems, and political science. This chapter ends with a few policy implications and proposed directions for future interdisciplinary academic research

Whiting–related sediment export along the Middle Miocene carbonate ramp of Great Bahama Bank.

International audienc

Specialisation in Europe and asymmetric shocks: potential risks of EMU

Most optimistic views, based on Optimum Currency Areas (OCA) literature, have concluded that the probability of asymmetric shocks to occur at a national level will tend to diminish in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)as a result of the intensification of the integration process during the most recent years. Therefore, since Economic Geography Theories predict a higher specialisation of regions, it is expected that asymmetric shocks will increase. Previous studies have examined to what extent asymmetric shocks have been relevant in the past using, mainly, static measures of asymmetries such as the correlation coefficients between series of shocks previously calculated from a structural VAR model (Bayoumi and Eichengreen, 1992). In this paper, we study the evolution of manufacturing specific asymmetries in Europe from a dynamic point of view (applying the model proposed by Haldane and Hall, 1991) in order to obtain new evidence about potential risks of EMU.- Els punts de vista més optimistes, basats en la literatura de les Àrees Monetàries Òptimes, arriben a la conclusió que la probabilitat d'ocurrència de shocks asimètrics en l'àmbit nacional tendiran a disminuir amb la Unió Econòmica i Monetària (UEM) donada la intensificació dels procés d'integració al llarg dels darrers anys. En canvi, les teories conegudes com noves teories de Geografia Econòmica prediuen un augment de l'especialització de les regions i, per tant, seria d'esperar que els shocks asimètrics augmentessin. La major part dels estudis previs s'han centrat en estudiar en quina mesura els shocks asimètrics han estat rellevants en el passat emprant, principalment, mesures d'asimetries estàtiques com ara coeficients de correlació entre sèries de shocks calculades prèviament a partir d¿un model VAR estructural (Bayoumi i Eichengreen, 1992) per tal de fer previsions cap al futur. En aquest paper estudiem l'evolució de les asimetries en la producció a Europa des d'un punt de vista dinàmic (aplicant el model proposat per Haldane i Hall, 1991) per a obtenir nova evidència sobre els riscos potencials de l'UEM

Borrowing constraints and international risk sharing: evidence from asymmetric error-correction

We analyse the adjustment process of consumption growth after disequilibrating output shocks in a sample of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. In particular, we test the hypothesis that consumption is smoothed to a lesser degree after negative shocks, whereas the impact of a positive shock is delayed for a longer period of time. Our analysis is based on an error-correction framework that allows for asymmetric adjustment. We find that the mean adjustment lag after a negative shock is significantly shorter than after a positive shock, especially since the beginning of the 1980s. This result is consistent with the interpretation that borrowing constraints limit the degree to which the impact of negative shocks on consumption can be smoothed.