Priming Seeds in Aqueous Smoke Solutions Improves Germination of Agropyron dasystachyum, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus angustus, Elymus junceus, and Festuca hallii

Seeds of many grasses and legumes from the Canadian Prairies have dormancy which prevents the germination of viable seeds in otherwise favorable conditions. Plant-derived smoke can improve germination in dormant seeds. Seeds of eight grasses, two legumes, and Lactuca sativa were investigated for the effects of seed priming in aqueous smoke solutions on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth, and standing crop. Aqueous smoke solutions were produced by bubbling smoke generated from the incomplete combustion of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum cv. Unity) or prairie hay (Festuca hallii) through distilled water. Seeds were primed for 24 h in darkness using serial dilutions (1/1000v/v, 1/100v/v, 1/10v/v and 1/1v/v) of the aqueous smoke solutions. After priming, seeds were dried at 20°C in darkness for 7d and placed in petri dishes containing filter paper, after which 5 mL of distilled water were applied. Seeds were incubated at 10/0°C or 25/15°C in 12h light/12h darkness or 24 h darkness for 49 d. Seeds were also primed using 1/100v/v aqueous smoke solutions of wheat straw or prairie hay and seeded in the field. Non-primed seeds and those primed in distilled water (0/1v/v) were used as controls. Within species, germination varied significantly (P≤0.05) among concentrations of aqueous solutions of smoke, smoke type, light, temperature, and their interactions. Total germination of Astragalus cicer, Trifolium ambiguum, Hesperostipa comata, Stipa viridula, and Pascopyrum smithii was not changed by priming seeds. Depending on light or temperature treatments, priming seeds of Agropyron dasystachyum, Elymus junceus, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus angustus, and Festuca hallii in aqueous smoke solutions improved germination by 16%, 20%, 32%, 49%, and 50%, respectively. Priming seeds in aqueous smoke solutions reduced the number of days to 50% germination for Trifolium ambiguum, Lactuca sativa, Festuca hallii, and Stipa viridula (2 d), Elymus junceus (3 d), Dactylis glomerata (4 d), Hesperostipa comata (10 d), and Pascopyrum smithii (15 d). Priming seeds in aqueous smoke solutions increased seedling lengths (combined hypocotyl and radicle lengths) for Elymus angustus and Hesperostipa comata by 28% and 100%, respectively, but it reduced seedling lengths of Lactuca sativa, Festuca hallii, and Trifolium ambiguum. Seedlings from seeds primed in aqueous smoke solutions generated from wheat straw were longer for Lactuca sativa (83%), Elymus angustus (52%), and Hesperostipa comata (36%) as compared with prairie hay, respectively. Priming seeds interacted with smoke type to increase seedling lengths for Pascopyrum smithii (92%), Elymus junceus (100%), and Agropyron dasystachyum (100%), but it reduced seedling lengths for Astralagus cicer (26%), Trifolium ambiguum (55%), and Dactylis glomerata (90%). Exposing seeds to aqueous smoke solutions partially substituted a light requirement for germination in Pascopyrum smithii, Festuca hallii, Hesperostipa comata, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron dasystachyum, Stipa viridula, and Elymus junceus. Priming seeds in aqueous smoke solutions increased standing crop of Dactylis glomerata by 57%, but total seedling emergence and rate of emergence of seedlings in the field were not different (P>0.05) among priming treatments. Priming seeds in aqueous smoke solutions generated from wheat straw or prairie hay can stimulate germination in Agropyron dasystachyum, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus junceus, Elymus angustus, and, Festuca hallii

The Contribution of Previous Educational Studies on the Process of Teaching Science Curriculum in Secondary Schools in Jordan

The primary purpose aim of this article is to explore, in depth the contribution of last educational studies in developing the process of teaching science curriculum in secondary schools in Jordan between 2010 and 2017. The ideas presented in this paperwork offer insightful views on contemporary educational studies within schools in Jordan. The paper aims to contribute to the body of developing appropriate ways of teaching Science curriculum in secondary schools not just in Jordan but also around the global society. The study also focuses on discovering ideal relation amid achievement motivation along with secondary school learners’ achievements. Moreover, this study shows how the effectiveness of environmental education for sustainable development remains to be the essential factor in teaching and learning science within secondary schools in Jordan. The analysis of teaching and learning process follows the description of different facts about Jordan, school system in Jordan, the background of the investigation, the practical education programs, student teachers, and training, along with school practices. Keywords: Educational Studies, Science Curriculum, Secondary Schools in Jordan, Process of Teaching

Worker Commitment not to Compete with the Employer Between Legislation and Judicial Precedent

The general rule that is “pacta sunt servanda” in Latin which means “Contract is the judge between contractors”, and that each party to the contract has the right to agreement with the other party in the development of conditions that consent to them, and they have agreed that the conditions will not be void and be in accordance with the law and that they are not contrary to the Constitution, especially employment contracts, as of this contract that arranges obligations on both the employer and the worker, in which both parties could agree on the non-competition clause on the basis of article (818) and (819) of the Jordanian civil Code, but this agreement is considered a restriction on the worker freedom and collides with Article (23) of the Jordanian Constitution, Article (23 ) of the Universal Declaration of human rights and Article (4) of the Jordanian labor law.Therefore, when applying this agreement, it must to be taken into account that  it is a restriction on the worker freedom, also it is an exceptional rule set for the legitimate interest of the employer, based on the condition that it will not restrict the worker freedom and it will not refrain the worker rights from work as a result of this condition; in return worker should be compensated in some conditions and the court should have a role in the agreement and its interpretation restrictively to the worker interest, so we can limit the spread of unemployment, since  many professions, trades and industries are not considered hard to obtain secrets, due to the advancement in sciense and technology, and the easy ways to get it. Keywords:  obligation, legislation, employment, court, agreement DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/87-10 Publication date:July 31st 201

Implementation of Principles and Steps for Selecting Teaching Materials for Mahārah Al-Istimā’s Subject

This article aims to analyze the implementation of the principles and steps in selecting teaching materials for the mahārah al istimā'. Using qualitative research, data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation guided by instruments in the form of guidelines for each technique. The collected data is then systematized and analyzed based on the chosen theory guidance. The research findings show that the selection of teaching materials for learning the mahārah al istimā' subject is still experiencing several obstacles. However, the selection of teaching materials follows the learning objectives, and the needs of students, describing the background and atmosphere experienced by students, easy and economical to use. The steps for selecting teaching materials consist of identifying the aspects contained in the standard of competence and basic competence, identifying the types of learning materials, and choosing the types. The steps and principles of selecting teaching materials cannot be fully applied due to various factors

Punca bah besar Johor disiasat

Punca banjir besar melanda utara Johor dan memusnahkan kemudahan asas di Taman Negara Johor pada 2011 bakal terjawab menerusi Ekspedisi SaintifIk selama sembilan hari, bermula hari ini

Daki cerun mencabar

Perjalanan mendaki cerun 60 hingga 90 darjah ke puncak Boot Tongkat Ali Cabang Dua di Selai, dekat sini, cukup mencabar fizikal dan mental

Nursing student caring behaviours: a systematic review

Caring is central to nursing and requires scientific professional skills and knowledge. Numerous definitions highlight the fact that there is a range of perspectives regarding the caring behaviors. The purpose of this study was to provide a summary of caring behaviors among nursing students in order to depict a more comprehensive view, which could be used as foundational data for the argument that cultivating caring behaviors should be an early focus of the nursing curriculum. Article selection was guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) Statements. Literature searches were conducted in June 21, 2022 in PubMed, cumulative index to nursing and allied health (CINAHL), and (OVID). The following search blocks were generated: nursing students, caring behavior, and education. About 318 were found using primary search descriptors and 19 studies were included in the review. All research was published between 2016 and 2020. The majority of studies were conducted using a cross-sectional design, two studies used prospective, and one study used a retrospective design. The caring behavior of nursing students varies depending on the country and instrument used, ranging from a moderate score to a high score, and varies from one study year to the next. The most dominant caring behavior domains reported are the domains of instrumental caring/physical caring and expressive caring/emotional caring. This study adds to the existing literature on nursing care and explains the universality of the concept of care from multiple theoretical perspectives. Caring interventions should be used to help students develop clinically-relevant caring behaviors