Trends in Student Radicalization across University Campuses in Afghanistan

This study aims to examine the trends in student radicalization across eight university campuses in Afghanistan. We conclude from our survey of student and staff views and an analysis of the character of protests across campuses that the extent of student radicalization varies. In particular, we come to three noteworthy findings. First, most university students are more concerned over prospects of post-graduation follow-on careers than ideological ambition. Second, while we find that most students and lecturers denounce radical views and violence, a relatively more aggressive response to both the policies of the Afghan government and the armed international intervention exhibited by students from universities in Kabul, Qandahar and Nangarhar suggests differentiated patterns across university campuses, with these campuses suggestive of a stronger tendency toward radicalized views. Finally, as an institution, the university does not play a strong role in the radicalization of its students. Rather, a charged political climate and the readily available opportunity to mobilize quickly enable students to stand in protest rather easily. However, findings also suggest that it is this same easy access to mobilize in protest that seems to attract a number of external groups as evident by the black, white and green flags representative of al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and the militant wing of Hezb-e- Islami Hekmatyar. Moreover, it is these protests that seem to encourage polarization and consequential division on campus which increasingly resemble the practice of takfir. Referring to the practice of excommunication wherein one Muslim declares that another Muslim has abandoned Islam, takfir is in direct competition with the more tolerant teachings common to the characteristically liberal curriculum of public universities. While protest in and of itself is a characteristic common to progressive democracies, evidence suggests that some student protests do call for division along sectarian lines or the suppression of women’s rights, both of which stand in contradiction to democratic principles and pose a threat to stability. With more than sixty-three percent of the Afghan population under the age of twenty-four, left unchecked such influence has the likelihood and potential to expand with substantial consequences for development and security in Afghanistan. As Afghanistan moves into a new phase of its era of state-building, a special focus on meeting the needs of its youth and in particular of Afghan university students is indispensable in meeting and maintaining lasting stability and prosperity. This study is the first part of an ongoing series of papers dedicated to examining the trends in radicalization across the various sectors throughout Afghanistan. Launched in late 2013, we plan follow-on studies to complement the series, including examinations of the trends in radicalization in madrassas across Afghanistan and within the Afghan security forces

Meta analysis for special education leadership in Malaysia

The leadership of the headmaster as the school's chief administrator is crucial in determining the school's direction of success. Practiced leadership also reflects school culture and teachers' performance. This will help to ensure the success of the students. School leadership is synonymous with a variety of styles such as autocratic, democratic, Laissez Faire, transformational, distributive, instructional and many other styles of leadership. All of these leadership styles also occur in the community of schools with special education programs and special needs students. This meta-analysis was conducted to explore previous studies on special education leadership in Malaysia from 2011 to 2020. Although there are many studies on special education leadership abroad, there are still few studies in Malaysia. Based on the search, there are only seven studies published on special education leadership in Malaysia. The analysis conducted for these seven studies found that there are certain elements in explaining special education leadership in Malaysia. These studies also found that special education teachers in primary and secondary schools involved. In addition, this study also focused on the main findings of each study conducted. This study also examines the methodology of the study used. The findings of this study are intended to help future researchers conduct research on special education leadership in Malaysia. In addition, this analysis also suggests some ideas for further research

Factors influencing job satisfaction in the Malaysian Vocational College: herzberg two factor theory perspective

Teaching nowadays requires high commitment from teachers; the workload is heavy, the role is broad and the teachers are directly responsible for educating and developing the students. Educating and developing technical and vocational students requires quality, competent and high commitment teachers. Without commitment and motivation, they feel dissatisfied, or lack of passion in their job and the worst situation, some of them may withdraw or turnover from the profession. Teachers will achieve job satisfaction when the motivation and hygiene factors complement each other. Vocational colleges want their teachers to have the best possible performance. However, how to motivate the teachers? There is not much point in motivating them if they do not care about hygiene factors. Motivating people to work when the things they complain about disappear. When the dissatisfaction is taken away, the institutions can focus on motivating teachers effectively. Hence, the purpose of this study is to highlight the factors that affect job satisfaction in vocational colleges in Malaysia and identify the factors that affect job satisfaction. This study used Two-Factor Theory from Herzberg to decide how significant hygiene and motivator factors are related to job satisfaction among the vocational teachers and how the two factors complement each other. Among the factors identified are company policy, supervision, work conditions, salary, recognition, the work itself, personal growth, and achievement. This study also has theoretical implications for directing future developments study and offers practical suggestions to the management in the improvement of job satisfaction among vocational teachers. Job satisfaction is essential for individuals and vocational colleges. Factors affecting job satisfaction need to be given more attention to improve the quality of education and thus achieve student success. Herzberg Two-Factor Theory provides two factors that affect teachers' motivation in the workplace. Hygiene factors will influence teachers’ working less if they are not present, while motivational factors will motivate teachers to work better if they are present. Therefore, any hygiene factors must be resolved first, and then motivating factors must be boosted

Type I Error Rates of the Two-Sample Pseudo-Median Procedure

The performance of the pseudo-median based procedure is examined in terms of controlling Type I error for a two independent groups test. The procedure is a modification of the one-sample Wilcoxon statistic using the pseudo-median of differences between group values as the central measure of location. The proposed procedure was shown to have good control of Type I error rates under the study conditions regardless of distribution type

A REPORT ABOUT BENZOXAZINONE MATERIAL

In this study, the objective was to investigate the Benzoxazinone material using the uncorrected and open capillary method for conducting and reporting the melting points. Laboratory grade and analytical grade reagents were used for conducting the synthesis and analytical studies based on with or without modification appropriately as and were required. Results showed that First of all the Synthesis of 2H-1, 4- benzoxazin-3(4H)-one was carried out by reacting 2- amino phenol with chloro acetyl chloride in dichloromethane in presence of triethylamine and then the bromo substitution was done by reacting with dibromoethane. Piperazine substituents were prepared in laboratory and then the title compounds were synthesized. One additional benzoyl substitution was also done. The entire synthesized compounds were primarily characterized by running T.L.C. and melting point analysis

Experimental Study for Wear Characteristics and Wear Prediction of Corrosion Resistant Alloy Material Tubulars

Precise casing wear estimation is important to ensure appropriate well integrity and safer production of hydrocarbons. The amount of casing wear depends not only on operational parameters but also on the casing material. Experience from the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) has proved that chrome material are subject to more wear as compared to carbon steel. 13% Cr materials are typically used where reservoir fluids are in contact with casing. However, some of the well construction techniques exposes 13% Cr materials to wear. In the NCS, multilateral wells where the contribution from each lateral is controlled, there is often a portion of 13% Cr material in the casing. Another frequently used technique involving wear of 13% Cr on the NCS wells is through tubing rotary drilling (TTRD). The recent models for estimation of casing wear are valid for carbon steel but they fail to predict accurate wear for casings made of corrosion resistant alloy (CRA). Therefore, research was required to identify the reasons for the difference in wear characteristics of CRAs versus standard carbon steel. A series of experiments were designed by analyzing data from NCS and tests were performed by varying the side force on 13Cr80 and 13CrS110 casings to investigate their wear characteristics. The experimental results revealed that wear estimation of chrome casings can be predicted. It was found that casings made from CRAs are subject to a different wear mechanism as compared to regular carbon steel. The research showed CRA material is prone to excessive wear depending on the side force. Furthermore, the contact pressure threshold for chrome casings has been established at low side force