Effect of processing temperature on utilization of whole soybeans by young calves

Two trials were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for processing whole soybeans for young calves. In the first trial, laboratory procedures and a nitrogen balance study were used. This information was used to design the second trial in which raw and processed soybeans were evaluated in an 8-wk growth trial using 96 Holstein day-old calves. Starters contained soybean meal (SBM), SBM with added fat, raw soybeans, or soybeans processed at 280, 340, or 375°F in a California Pellet Mill Jet-Sploder. Calves fed the starters containing soybeans processed at 340 consumed more feed, gained faster, had lower fecal scores (less scours), and less mortality.; Dairy Day, 1984, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1984

Effect of processing temperature on utilization of whole soybeans by young calves

Two trials were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for processing whole soybeans for young calves. In the first trial, laboratory procedures and a nitrogen balance study were used. This information was used to design the second trial in which raw and processed soybeans were evaluated in an 8-wk growth trial using 96 Holstein day-old calves. Starters contained soybean meal (SBM), SBM with added fat, raw soybeans, or soybeans processed at 280, 340, or 375°F in a California Pellet Mill Jet-Sploder. Calves fed the starters containing soybeans processed at 340 consumed more feed, gained faster, had lower fecal scores (less scours), and less mortality.; Dairy Day, 1984, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1984

Estimating the undegradable intake protein content of two forages by different commercial proteases

We evaluated the potential of several commercially available proteases for use in predicting the undegradable intake protein (UIP) concentrations o f alfalfa and prairie hay. Protease s differed in their estimates o f the rate of forage protein breakdown an d the amounts of different forage protein fractions . At least one protease appeared to yield acceptable predictions of UIP via a short-term, single time-point assay. Assays of this type deserve further consideration for commercial application

Evaluation of the protein characteristics of four diverse grasses

Forage protein characteristics in four grasses were evaluated by the nylon bag method. All of the forages used (Bermudagrass hay, brome hay, forage sorghum hay, and prairie hay) were of relatively low quality, except the Bermudagrass, which was of average quality. The forages differed in the size of different protein fractions and in the rate and extent of protein degradation. Predicted extent of ruminal protein degradation (i.e., ruminal protein availability) was lowest for prairie hay, intermediate for Bermudagrass and forage sorghum hay, and highest for the brome hay

Effects of processing sorghum grain on dairy calf performance

Two trials evaluated the effect of processing sorghum grain on performance of young dairy calves. In trial 1, newborn Holstein calves (49 heifers and 27 bulls) were blocked by age and sex and assigned randomly to each of three calf starters containing either raw, roasted (Jet-Pro®) at 280 degrees F, or conglomerated (Jet-Pro®) sorghum grain. The conglomeration process consisted of grinding the grain, adding water, and pelleting the mixture, then roasting it. Raw and roasted sorghum grains were ground through a .125-inch screen and included in complete pellet starters, whereas conglomerated sorghum grain pellets were mixed with the other ingredients of the starter, which were pelleted. Starters were offered ad libitum from birth to 8 wk of age. The raw sorghum grain starter was palatable and supported acceptable growth rates, but processing did not further enhance calf performance. In trial 2, roasted and conglomerated sorghum grains were ground through a .125- inch screen and included in pelleted starters fed ad libitum to Holstein calves (21 heifers and 28 bulls) from birth to 8 wk of age. Feed consumption and body weight gain were not affected by method of grain processing. However, 22% of calves on the conglomerated sorghum grain starter bloated sometime during the post-weaning period, which may have resulted in reducing feed intake. Measures to ensure maintenance of the rumen environment may be necessary, if a potential benefit of conglomerating sorghum grain for young dairy calves is to be realized

Effect of processing temperature on utilization of whole soybeans by young calves

Two trials were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for processing whole soybeans for young calves. In the first trial, laboratory procedures and a nitrogen balance study were used. This information was used to design the second trial in which raw and processed soybeans were evaluated in an 8-wk growth trial using 96 Holstein day-old calves. Starters contained soybean meal (SBM), SBM with added fat, raw soybeans, or soybeans processed at 280, 340, or 375°F in a California Pellet Mill Jet-Sploder. Calves fed the starters containing soybeans processed at 340 consumed more feed, gained faster, had lower fecal scores (less scours), and less mortality

In vitro estimation of ruminal protein degradability of forages

Ruminal degradation of alfalfa and prairie hay protein was estimated using a proteolytic enzyme from Streptomyces griseus with or without pretreatment with cellulase or a broad spectrum carbohydrase (driselase). Estimates of the undegradable intake protein (UIP) as a percentage of total protein derived from the protease alone were higher than that measured in the animal (i.e., in vivo). Pretreatment of hay samples with cellulase (48 h incubation) or driselase improved the accuracy of UIP predictions compared with those determined using the protease alone

Effect of roasting soybeans and corn on dairy calf performance

To evaluate the effect of roasting soybeans and corn on performance of young dairy calves, newborn Holstein calves (n= 132) were blocked by sex and birth date and randomly assigned to one of six isonitrogenous calf starters. The starters were formulated using soybean meal or soybeans roasted at 280 or 295 °F. Each of these protein sources was used with either raw corn or corn roasted at 280°F. Diets were offered ad libitum from .5 to 8 wk of age. Calves were fed milk at 4% of birth weight twice daily and weaned when they consumed 1.5 lb of starter per day for 3 consecutive days. Soybeans roasted at 295 °F resulted in improved overall calf performance. Roasted corn enhanced performance of calves fed soybean meal but did not alter performance of those fed soybeans roasted at 280 °F and depressed performance of calves fed soybeans roasted at 295 °F. These effects were more pronounced during the postweaning period (6 to 8 wk). These results demonstrate the importance of nutrient interactions in young dairy calves, especially when processed grains are fed

Evaluation of the protein characteristics of four diverse grasses

Forage protein characteristics in four grasses were evaluated by the nylon bag method. All of the forages used (Bermudagrass hay, brome hay, forage sorghum hay, and prairie hay) were of relatively low quality, except the Bermudagrass, which was of average quality. The forages differed in the size of different protein fractions and in the rate and extent of protein degradation. Predicted extent of ruminal protein degradation (i.e., ruminal protein availability) was lowest for prairie hay, intermediate for Bermudagrass and forage sorghum hay, and highest for the brome hay