The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in Iranian Hospitals

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nosocomial infections are one of the major health problems. As the length of stay in the hospital increases, the risk of mortality and morbidity increases, which ultimately increases the cost of treatment. Therefore, the present study was performed as a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of nosocomial infections in Iran. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in the range of the years 2001 – 2017. Articles related to the topic were assessed using Persian keywords “nosocomial infections”, “hospital”, and “Iran”, and their English equivalent in descriptive and cross sectional studies by searching online databases of SID & Magiran, PubMed and Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Analytical and interventional studies were excluded from the study list. FINDINGS: 578 articles had the preliminary inclusion criteria, and with the removal of 568 unrelated or low quality articles during secondary analyses, 10 articles were finally included in the process of meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of nosocomial infections in Iranian hospitals was 4.6% (CI-95%: 2.6 – 8.1). The highest prevalence of nosocomial infections was in Sanandaj with 15.6% (CI-95%: 10.22–82.1) and the lowest prevalence was in Urmia with 0.4% (CI-95%: 0.1–1.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that nosocomial infection has a low prevalence in Iran, but more attention and control over nosocomial infections in Iranian hospitals is necessary to reach standard levels

Variability in childhood allergy and asthma across ethnicity, language, and residency duration in El Paso, Texas: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We evaluated the impact of migration to the USA-Mexico border city of El Paso, Texas (USA), parental language preference, and Hispanic ethnicity on childhood asthma to differentiate between its social and environmental determinants.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Allergy and asthma prevalence was surveyed among 9797 fourth and fifth grade children enrolled in the El Paso Independent School District. Parents completed a respiratory health questionnaire, in either English or Spanish, and a sub-sample of children received spirometry testing at their school. Here we report asthma and allergy outcomes across ethnicity and El Paso residency duration.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Asthma and allergy prevalence increased with longer duration of El Paso residency independent of ethnicity and preferred language. Compared with immigrants who arrived in El Paso after entering first grade (18%), lifelong El Paso residents (68%) had more prevalent allergy (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.32 - 2.24), prevalent asthma (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.24 - 2.46), and current asthma (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.37 - 2.95). Spirometric measurements (FEV₁/FVC and FEF_25-75) also declined with increasing duration of El Paso residency (0.16% and 0.35% annual reduction, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings suggest that a community-wide environmental exposure in El Paso, delayed pulmonary development, or increased health of immigrants may be associated with allergy and asthma development in children raised there.</p

Information storing by biomagnetites

Since the discovery of the presence of biogenic magnetites in living organisms, there have been speculations on the role that these biomagnetites play in cellular processes. It seems that the formation of biomagnetite crystals is a universal phenomenon and not an exception in living cells. Many experimental facts show that features of organic and inorganic processes could be indistinguishable at nanoscale levels. Living cells are quantum "devices" rather than simple electronic devices utilizing only the charge of conduction electrons. In our opinion, due to their unusual biophysical properties, special biomagnetites must have a biological function in living cells in general and in the brain in particular. In this paper we advance a hypothesis that while biomagnetites are developed jointly with organic molecules and cellular electromagnetic fields in cells, they can record information about the Earth's magnetic vector potential of the entire flight in migratory birds.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease

\ua9 2023, This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply. Although over 90 independent risk variants have been identified for Parkinson’s disease using genome-wide association studies, most studies have been performed in just one population at a time. Here we performed a large-scale multi-ancestry meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease with 49,049 cases, 18,785 proxy cases and 2,458,063 controls including individuals of European, East Asian, Latin American and African ancestry. In a meta-analysis, we identified 78 independent genome-wide significant loci, including 12 potentially novel loci (MTF2, PIK3CA, ADD1, SYBU, IRS2, USP8, PIGL, FASN, MYLK2, USP25, EP300 and PPP6R2) and fine-mapped 6 putative causal variants at 6 known PD loci. By combining our results with publicly available eQTL data, we identified 25 putative risk genes in these novel loci whose expression is associated with PD risk. This work lays the groundwork for future efforts aimed at identifying PD loci in non-European populations

Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. Findings: In this study, a total of 164 articles (81 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 83 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were entered the meta-analysis. The prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 80,405 was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%), and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 1,454,871 was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%). Regarding the heterogeneity on the basis of meta-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world. With increasing the sample size and the year of study, dental caries in primary teeth increased and in permanent teeth decreased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals

Evaluation and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer in Shahid Rahnemoon and Afshar Hospitals, Yazd-Iran

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the alimentary system. In women, it is the second leading cause of mortality after breast cancer while in men, it is the third leading cause of death after lung and prostate carcinoma. Prevalence is more in population older than 50 years and increases in older people. Therefore, best treatment and prognosis is early diagnosis of disease. Methods: This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study that included files of 191 patients of Shahid Rahnemoon and Afshar hospitals (two main hospitals) in Yazd, Iran from 1992 till 1999. The aim was to evaluate the abundance and distribution of colorectal cancer with respect to staging, age, occupation, residence, clinical signs and method of treatment. All of the patients had a cancer pathology report. Results: Of the total of 191 patients with colorectal cancer, 186 cases were adenocarcinoma and 5 cases were lymphoma. Prevalence rate in men was more than women and their age range was between 28 and 94 years. 127 patients (67%) were in the 60 – 69 years age group , while 7.3% were in the 20 -39 years age group. 106 patients (55.5%) were men and 85 patients (44.5%) were women. 64.9% were urban dwellers and 35.1% were rural. Surgical treatment included; abdominoperinneal resection (A.P.R) in 55 patients (28.8%), anterior resection (A.R) and anastomosis in 40 patients (20.9%), right and left hemicolectomy, each in 25 patients and rectosigmoiedectomy and anastomosis in 18 patients(19.4%). Results of treatment were as follows:177 patients (92.76%) had relative recovery post operation, 5 cases (2.6%) were discharged from the hospital against medical advice, 3 cases (1.6%) died and 6 cases (3.1%) were discharged with poor condition after laparotomy. Conclusion: Most of the patients with colorectal cancer referred with rectorrhagia, main type of cancer was adenocarcinoma (97.4%) and the most frequent surgical procedure performed was A.P.R. Further research projects in the field of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these patients can be helpful in the treatment of these patients

Adult Intussusception Due to a Colonic Lipoma

Colonic lipoma is a benign neoplasm that can lead to colonic obstruction but concomitant intussusception is rare in adults. In this case, colocolic intussusception due to a lipoma in the descending colon had occurred. By laparatomy, we diagnosed the problem , but reduction was impossible . So resection of the colon with mass was done and anastomosed. After surgery and 3 years follow up the patient was without any complications. We present this case, and briefly review literature of colonic intussusception in adults

Effect of multi-step and single- step dentin bonding agents on the bond strength of composite to dentin

Composite resin restorative materials, that nowadays are used as tooth-colour materials, have both benefits and weaknesses. One of these weaknesses is the contraction resulted from resin polymerization which influences on the composite dentin bond strength and it has been tried to be eliminated by different bonding systems. The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the dentin bond strength of two dentine adhesive systems: multi-step Scoth Bond Multipurpose (SBMP) and single- step Excite, by two composites of Ideal Makoo and Tetric. One hundred sixty (160) sound human molars were selected. At first they were debrided and mounted with acrylic resin in molds. The enamel of the buccal surface was eliminated by diamond burs. To provide a flat dentin surface, it was removed about lmm. Then, based on the type of dentin adhesive, they were divided into two groups of 30 teeth and were applied on the exposed dentine surface according to the manufacturer&apos;s instructions. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups of 15, based on the type of composite resin. Cylinders of the desired composite resin, attached to the dentin surface, were used for 80 seconds. The samples were stored in 100% humidity (37&amp;deg;c) for 24 hours. The bond strengths was measured by a cross head blade with the speed of 2mm/min. Variance analysis and Duncan test, with 95% confidence level, showed that statistically, two factors of adhesive and composite, interact on each other, in bond strength. There was no significant difference in bond strength, between two composites with similar adhesives, however, comparing two different adhesives with the same composite, showed that the bond strength of Tetric with Excite (28.39) was more than that of SBMP (17.98 Mpa). Finally, it was recognized that among four experimental groups, there was only a significant difference in bond strengths, between Tetric-Excite with Tetric- SBMP. This study shows that dentin bond strength is influenced by dentin bonding agents, composite type and dentin structure, and using a type of composite with a dentin bonding agent, manufactured by the same company, results in a higher bond strength